BIOL Exam 3

molecular basis of inheritance

experiments that show that DNA is genetic material

Experiments that show the structure of DNA

DNA replication (enzymes involved)

DNA polymerase

Primase

Helicase

Topoisomerase

DNA ligase

DNA replication

Leading strand

Lagging strand

Okazaki fragments

Primer

Experiments that indicate that DNA replication is in a semi conservative

manner

Proofreading and repairing DNA

Shortening of DNA molecule during successive replications

Replicating the ends of DNA molecules (gametic cells): telomerase

Gene expression: transcription

Gene expression: translation

Promoter

RNA transcript

RNA polymerase

Transcription factors

Codons

Anticodons

Start and stop codons

Structure of ribosome (large and small subunits)

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

Genetic code

Processing of RNA (5’cap, 3’ poly-A tail, splicing etc.)

Molecular basis of mutation

Mutations: Base/Nucleotide-pair substitution, insertions, deletions, and

mutagens)

Silent mutation

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Frameshift mutation

Cancer

Normal genes

Proto-oncogene

Tumor-suppressor gene

Genes associated with cancer

Oncogene

Signaling pathways affected in cancer disorders

Cell cycle-stimulating pathway

Cell cycle-inhibiting pathway

Multistep model of cancer development

Genome evolution

Mutation

Single nucleotide

Changes in chromosome structure and number

Transposable elements

Transposons

Retrotransposons

Duplication

Changes to the DNA that contribute to genome evolution

Regulation of Gene Expression

Prokaryotic gene regulation

Negative regulation: repressible and inducible operons

Positive regulation: lac opero

Operon

Repressor

Operator

Promoter

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

Regulation of chromatin structure (heterochromatin vs euchromatin)

Regulation of transcription initiation (transcription factors, control elements, enhancers, promoter)

Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation (mRNA degradation,

alternative splicing)

Protein processing and degradation (proteasome)

Coordinated regulation

Development of different cell types

Cytoplasmic determinants

Cell-to-cell signals

Determination

Differentiation

Biotechnology: know how the processes work and what they are used for

Gene cloning

Gene cloning and enzymes involved (e.g., restriction enzymes, DNA ligase)

Plasmid vector: purpose of the lacZ gene in the plasmid and Xgal on the plate

Genetic profile

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)

Recombinant DNA

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

CRISPR-Cas9 system

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Reagents and enzymes involved

Gel electrophoresis

Sequencing DNA

Practical applications of DNA technology (e.g., medical, research, agricultural, environmental clean-up, Forensic analysis)

Gene expression

Genome-wide expression analysis

Microarray

Human gene therapy

Genetically modified organisms

The Seeds of Dissension Case study