KIN 360 exam 1

Motor Development

A continuous process of change related to age but not dependent on it, characterized by sequential growth, underlying processes, and individual differences.

Physical Growth

A quantitative increase in size or magnitude, including changes in both size and functional capacity, such as hyperplasia or hypertrophy.

Physiological Maturation

A qualitative advance in biological makeup that refers to advancements in cell, organ, or system composition rather than size alone.

Newell’s Model of Constraints

A model suggesting that movements arise from interactions between the organism, environment, and the task at hand.

Individual Constraint

A person's unique physical and mental characteristics which can be further broken down into functional and structural factors.

Environmental Constraint

Constraints related to the world around us, such as humidity or gender roles.

Task Constraint

Includes the goals and rule structure of a particular movement or activity, for instance, sports equipment.

Maturational Theory

This theory posits that each stage of development corresponds with a stage of evolution and primarily results from inherited factors.

Information Processing Theory

A theory that compares the brain to a computer that processes information, focusing on motor program formation, feedback, and knowledge of results.

Ecological Perspective

Focuses on the interrelationships between the individual, environment, and task, emphasizing dynamic systems.

Perceptual-Action Theory

Explores the close relationship between the perceptual and motor systems, where these systems evolve together.

Scientific Theory

A coherent explanation based on scientific data that is openly debated by the scientific community and can reproduce results.

Skeletal System

The body’s support system made up of bones and cartilage, undergoing considerable changes influenced by genetic and external factors.

Muscular System

Composed of all the muscles in the body responsible for movement and positions, influenced by genetic and external factors.

Adipose System

The system responsible for energy storage, insulation, and body protection, also known as body fat.

Nervous System

The network of nerves that sends signals to and from the brain and spinal cord, crucial for control over movement, speech, memory, and cognition.

Germinal Growth Phase

occurs from conception to 2 weeks, marked by the fusion of egg and sperm.

Embryonic Growth Phase

Begins when the fertilized egg implants in the uterine wall, occurring from 2 to 8 weeks.

Fetal Growth Phase

The phase from 8 weeks to birth characterized by continued growth through hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

Abnormal Development

Any deviation from typical patterns of physical, cognitive, social, or motor development, potentially arising from congenital defects or genetic mutations.

Peak Height Velocity

The time during adolescence when a child grows the fastest, marking a critical period of physical development.

Growth Pattern Differences: Boys vs. Girls

Girls experience at 11.5-12 years, while boys experience it at 13.5-14 years.

Distance curve

show the extent of growth

Heart Starts Beating

18 days after conception.

Universality

similarities in development across individuals in a species

Specificity

refers to individual variations.

Velocity Curves

show the rate of growth.

Peak weight velocity

occurs after peak height velocity (PHV) and is a period of time when body mass increases more than height. 

Hyperplasia

increased number of cells in a specific issues or organ

Hypertrophy

increase in size or volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of existing cells.

PWV

Boys: 2.5-5 months.   Girls: 3.5-10.5 months

PHV

Boys: 13.5-14 years Girls: 11.5-12 years

Maturation example

0m=fetal position, 2m=chest up, 5m= sit and grasp, 8m=stand w/help

Information processing example

ball thrown, perceive the ball, reach out to catch, adjust grasp to hold ball

Ecological example

toddler learns to walk on different terrains by adjusting to there needs

Perceptual example

affordance= object allows (door handle)

Body scaling= change in growth means motor function (walking and running)