Moral Development and Aggression

Flashcards covering moral development, aggression, gender, sexuality, relationships, family life, and death/dying.

Social Learning Approaches to Morality

A focus on how the environment influences children's prosocial behavior.

Key Concept of Social Learning Approaches to Morality

Moral conduct is learned through reinforcement and modeling.

Abstract Modeling

Learning through observing others' behavior, which leads to understanding society's norms.

Empathy in Adolescence

A more sophisticated form of empathy where teenagers feel empathy for collective groups of people.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory

Suggests that people pass through a series of stages in the development of moral reasoning and their sense of justice.

Preconventional Morality

The first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where morality is based on rewards and punishments.

Conventional Morality

The second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where morality is based on social rules and laws.

Postconventional Morality

The third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where morality is based on universal ethical principles.

Carol Gilligan's Theory

Suggests that the way boys and girls are raised leads to differences in moral reasoning.

Boys' View of Morality (Gilligan)

Boys view morality in terms of broad principles, such as justice or fairness.

Girls' View of Morality (Gilligan)

Girls see morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships.

Stage 1 of Moral Development in Girls (Gilligan)

Orientation toward individual survival.

Stage 2 of Moral Development in Girls (Gilligan)

Goodness as self-sacrifice.

Stage 3 of Moral Development in Girls (Gilligan)

Morality of nonviolence.

Social Domain Approach

An approach that suggests moral reasoning is not the only factor in moral behavior; social context matters.

Moral Domains

Involve rules and regulations relating to justice, fairness, and the distribution of resources.

Social-Conventional Domains

Involve rules and expectations regarding social conventions and norms.

Personal Domains

Involve matters of personal choice and autonomy.

Prosocial Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Work suggesting that people become more sophisticated in thinking about different kinds of prosocial behaviors.

Self-Serving Behaviors

Behaviors that are self-serving.

Altruistic Behaviors

Behaviors that are altruistic.

Communal Orientation

Females tend to hold this orientation.

Agentic Orientation

Males are more likely to have this orientation.

Rights-Based Reasoning

Reasoning based on individual rights.

Duty-Based Reasoning

Reasoning based on societal duties and obligations.

Reciprocity

A culturally relative value, with some practicing it as a moral obligation, whereas others view it more of a personal choice.

Diana Baumrind and Eleanor Maccoby

Noting different types of parenting or patterns of discipline.

Demandingness

The extent to which parents demand obedience and control behavior.

Responsiveness

The extent to which parents are warm, supportive, and sensitive to their children's needs.

Authoritarian Parents

Parents who are demanding and controlling, but not very responsive.

Permissive Parents

Parents who are warm and responsive, but not very demanding or controlling.

Authoritative Parents

Parents who are both demanding and responsive.

Uninvolved Parents

Parents who are neither demanding nor responsive.

Religion

Plays a central role in determining values.

Piaget's View of Cognitive Development

Offers a way to organize religious thinking as it develops through childhood and adolescence.

Preoperational Intuitive Religious Thought

Religious thought up to age 7 or 8, characterized by intuitive and concrete thinking.

Concrete Operational Religious Thought

Religious thought from ages 7 or 8 to 13 or 14, characterized by logical and concrete thinking.

Formal Operational Religious Thought

Religious thought from ages 13 or 14 and older, characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Individuative-Reflective Stage of Faith

Adults experience this stage during early and middle adulthood.

Conjunctive Stage of Faith Development

In late adulthood, people may move into this final stage of faith development.

Aggression

Intentional injury or harm to another person.

Emotional Self-Regulation

Children develop this throughout the preschool years.

Instrumental Aggression

Boys typically show higher levels of this type of aggression.

Relational Aggression

Girls typically demonstrate this type of aggression.

Cognitive Approaches to Aggression

Children are more prone to assume aggressive motivations of actions.

Tension-Building Stage

The first stage of marital aggression, is characterized by escalating tension and conflict.

Acute Battering Incident

The next stage of marital aggression, involves an actual battering incident.

Loving Contrition Stage

The final stage of marital aggression is known as the stage.

Elder Abuse

Mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals.

Sex

The classification of male or female based on biological characteristics.

Gender Roles

Societal expectations about how males and females should behave.

Biological Perspectives on Gender

Physical characteristics, hormone differences, and differences in the structure of female and male brains might lead to gender differences.

Corpus Callosum

A band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives

Attribute gender differences to the satisfaction of biological urges.

Phallic Stage

Occurs when children's pleasure focuses on genital sexuality.

Oedipal Conflict

Children note anatomical differences between males and females

Social learning appraoch

Children experience this stage with gender messages presented by the media.

Gender Schema

Children develop this to develop a gender identity.

Gender Constancy

Children develop this to understand gender.

Menarche

Girls today view this as more positive, compared to girls of the past.

Ejaculation

Boys first is roughly equivalent to girls menarche, but it is rarely discussed.

Masturbation

Sexual self-gratification.

Heterosexuality

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex.

Homosexual

Sexual attraction and behavior oriented to members of their own sex.

Bisexual

Sexually attracted to people of both sexes.

Alfred Kinsey

Sex researcher, argued that orientation should be viewed as a continuum of exclusivity from homosexuality to heterosexuality.

Functions of dating

Learning to establish intimacy, entertainment, status, and developing own identity.

Young Adults

Views link their happiness to their relationship status.

Sexual self-gratification Masturbation

Is the initiation into sexuality for most adolescents

Adolescents

Sexual intercourse remains a major milestone in the perceptions of most adolescents, and as such, it is the main focus of research on sexual…

Heterosexuality

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex.

Reciprocity

Is a culturally relative value, with some practicing it as a moral obligation, whereas some view it more of a personal choice

Homosexuality

Sexual attraction and behavior oriented to members of their own sex.

Bisexuality

Sexually attracted to people of both sexes.

Alfred Kinsey

Argued that orientation should be viewed as a continuum of exclusivity from homosexuality to heterosexuality.

Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love

Hypothesized that love is made up of three components -Intimacy, Passion, and Decision/Commitment.

Intimacy Component

Feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness.

Passion Component

Motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance.

Decision/Commitment Component

Both initial cognition that one loves another person and longer-term determination to maintain love.

Compatibility

A marital choice based on compatibility between two individuals.

Homogamy

The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and other social characteristics.

Marriage Gradient

The practice in which men tend to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status, and women tend to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status.

Singlehood

Living alone without an intimate partner.

Social Homogamy

A similarity in leisure activity and role references, displayed in successful marriages.

Successful couples let each other know

They let their partner know about it, but discuss it at a time when they are both calm.

Friendships (Preschoolers)

Peers seen as individuals who hold special qualities and rewards.

Friendship

Focused on the carrying out of shared activities.

Play

Contributes to social, cognitive, and physical development.

Functional Play

Simple, repetitive activities typical of three-year-olds.

Constructive Play

Play that involves manipulating objects to build or create something; typical of four-year-olds.

Onlooker Play

A child watches other children play.

Associative Play

Children share toys and interact, but their play is not yet fully coordinated.

Cooperative Play

Children engage in coordinated play and work toward a common goal.

Pretend Play

Important means for expanding preschool-aged children's cognitive skills.

Play Changing

Children see things from others' point of views.

Children friendships go through 3 stages

Damon's Theory:

Stage 1 of friendships

Basing Friendship on Others’ Behavior

Stage 2 of friendships

Basing Friendship on Trust

Stage 3 of friendships

Basing Friendship on Psychological Closeness

Sex Segregation

Avoidance of the opposite sex becomes very pronounced during middle childhood.