midterms (units 1-5)

louis XVI

king of france

what were Louis XVI’s views?

wanted good for the people, but was bad at making decisions because he wouldn’t pay attention to the gov advisors and wouldn’t make decisions. he made the gov. go into lots of debt

marie antoinnete

queen of france who often gave Louis bad advice, called “Madame Deficit” because she spent so much money on gowns

what family was marie antoinnete from?

the royal family in austria, which was France’s enemy

ancient regime

social and political system of France, divided into three estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners

what led to the estates general

gov kept increasing taxes because they were spending money even though the french were starving → second estate demanded a meeting to see if the other estates agree with this

estates general

each estate gets one vote, which is unfair to the third estate since they’re so big, this showed the inequality between estates

tennis court oath

locked out of meeting room → third estates couldn’t get in → found a tennis court room and didn’t leave until they finished the new constitution (nobles and others joined in support)

how is the national assembly an example of a revolution

gave advantage to 3rd bc they had more people , king didn’t agree but they got the approval of a clergyman, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes

ENDED REIGN OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

national assembly

representative government (3rd had an advantage with more people), where there were no estates, get rid of political privelege given to 1st and 2nd estate and getting rid of religion

year of storming of the bastille

1789

cause of storming of the bastille

ppl believed king louis wanted to use military to dismiss National Assembly and that there would be a massacre of citizens

storming of the bastille

people stormed the Bastille in search of weaponry, overtook and killed guard, now its a national day

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (key ideas)

• ABOLISH PRIVILEGE: creating Assembly, careers open to all, seizing church lands, abolishing nobility

• GRANTING CITIZENSHIP: sovereignty = Nation, not king, all pay fair share of taxes, free expression and freedom of religion

citizen

person with full and equal rights to everyone else, in declaration of rights of man and citizen a citizen is a man, in the declaration of the rights of woman and citizen, both men and women are citizens.

Declaration of Rights of Woman and Citizen

• WOMEN INCLUDED: Nation includes women, assembly includes women to make laws, women must also pay taxes, careers = open to all including women

• WOMEN HAVE RIGHTS: mothers have rights to children, fathers have obligation to support them, women can have property rights, men can’t limit women’s power

Clergy

1st Estate - Bishops and Cardinals

0.5% of population own 10% of land

Nobility

2nd Estate - inherited status and controlled top position in military, courts, gov.

1.5% of population own 20% land

Peasants

3rd Estate - had high taxes

75-80% of population owned 35%-40% of land

Bourgeoisie

3rd Estate - Educated and literate merchants, bankers, lawyers etc who wanted to be nobility but they control key components in economy

8% of population

liberal phase of revolution

focuses on individual rights (declaration of rights of man etc.) and creation of a CONTSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

liberalism

individuals have natural rights

republic - french revolution

form of government established after french revolution where power lies in the people and you have representatives

political association

ability to form a group to advocate for a political idea

sovereignty

authority and independence of a nation

reign of terror

period of intense violence led by Robespierre’s Jacobins

olympe de gouges

A feminist who wanted to include women in the constitution

guillotine

An execution device that cut off a person’s head

The committee of public safety

A part of the gov. That was meant to “protect” the people from enemies both inside and outside of France but it became an organization of spies led by Robespierre

Robespierre

Jacobin leader of Committee who tried to wipe out France’s past by changing calender and removing sunday to close religion

Levee en masse

Mass military draft of forced military service to go after external enemies

law of suspects

List of things that make you suspicious of being an internal enemy

emigres

French officers who moved to the Netherlands and Austria and allied with them

storming of bastille

1789

haitian independence

1804

wisconsin becomes state

1848

communist manifesto published

1848

russian/bolshevik revolution

1923

ww1

1914-1918

ww1 armistice

1918

treaty of versailles

1919

hitler comes to power (appointed chancellor)

1933

ww2 in europe

1939-1945

Weimar Republic:

1. Republic that took over Germany after WWI that gives female suffferage and contains communists (left wing) and nazis (right wing)

Hyperinflation:

Germany has instability → prints money money is worth less, people get paid more, people sell stuff at higher prices

Reichstag Fire:

arsonist torched the Reichstag (parliament building).  Nazis blamed the Communists, and govt. leading to rights being taken away

Enabling Act:

The Enabling Act ended the Weimar Republic because it gave all power to Hitler, and made everyone take an oath to Hitler.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

1. Established in the merger of the Austrian Empire and the kingdom of Hungary

Brest Litovsk Treaty

Territory ceded to Germany in exchange for peace that benefits Germany because whole Eastern front is done

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of Bolsheviks, a radical communist group. Was exiled in Switzerland with a slogan of “Peace, Land, Bread’ and Germany arranges his passage to Russia so Lenin will take charge and quit the war

Bolsheviks:

Rejected radical transition to communism

Western Front:

500 mile line of trenches from North Sea to switzerland

Trench Warfare (and impact on the war):

1. basically a stalemate, many died due to disease or gas, slow advancement

armistice

end of fighting

President Woodrow Wilson

president who gave a speech to congress to outline principles

Wilson’s 14 points

transparent negotiations, freedom to navigate, eliminate tariffs, reduce weapons stock, self-determination/sovereignty, form League of Nations where countries can bring their problems together and resolve things before getting to a point of war

tariff

Makes it more expensive and difficult to trade, diminishes independence and foster distrust

Treaty of Versailles

Germany’s army can’t be too big, give forgiveness (War Guilt Clause)

“War Guilt clause”

1.  Forgiveness prevents allied powers from taking revenge on Germany causing more fighting

Territorial nation:

(common “soil”) - same birthplace or territory

Ethnicity/Kinship

(common “blood”) - relationship to others

Common origin story

(“common past”) - shared history

Ethnic nationalism:

More exclusive definition of who belongs to a nation with intolerance based on race, ethnicity language. Theres one dominant history and solve our problems-less cooperation or global standards (“zero-sum” = us or them)

Civic nationalism

Universal values with those who had a shared commitment to freedom, equality etc. History is diverse histories and they depend on others to solve problems together (globalism, rules-based order)

Extreme ethnic nationalism

Nation is most important part of identity with popularized war “you should die for your country”

4 causes of WW1

imperialism, militarism, nationalism, alliances

Causes of ww1 - Imperialism

Imperialism led to competition (“scramble for africa”) and advancements in technology

causes of ww1 - militarism

All European powers spend millions on their military to increase their defence. By the 1910s, many countries had focused their funds on militarism.

causes of ww1 - nationalism

Ottoman empire decline → territories are unstable and need a leader so nations combined, separated, and took over each other

causes of ww1 - unquestioning alliances

austria-hungary backed by germany, serbia backed by russia, allies, entente and the spark that caused the war was the inevitable war between serbia and austria because austria took over serbia

triple alliance

Germany, Austria-hungary, italy

triple entente

france, britain, russia

pan-slavism

Unity between Russia and Serbia (Slavs)

gavrilo princip

Bosnian Serb who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand who was going to become the leader of Austria-Hungary

black hand

Serbian nationalist group responsible for the Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassination

zimmerman telegram

Ger. Foreign Minister Arthur Zimerman sent msg to Mexico (Jan. 16, 1917) saying “join our side on the war, when we win the war, we’ll return all the terrirory you lost from the US”. British Intelligence intercepted and deciphered and became furious

unrestricted german submarine warfare

Germans sink any boat crossing the Atlantic Ocean with U-Boats (submarines) with the fear that they were carrying weapons or supplies for the Allies, but this was the last straw for America and they join the war.

natural selection

For every species, there are variations of traits; they are not all uniform. Certain traits help organisms evade predators, find food, resist extreme weather and attract potential mates, which gives them advantages. These traits are then passed down to the next generation. Less advantageous organisms are less likely to reproduce and pass on their traits.

evolution

Over time, as a particular trait becomes more popular in a population, and other traits die out, the species evolves.

survival of the fittest

subspecies of humans and races compete with each other, the strongest remains, the weakest die

eugenics

Letting weaker races die out to improve humanity because it will prevent weaker and stronger from mixing and reproducing

scientific racism

Races are in a heirarchy because of science (survival of the fittest), which is called Sceintific Racism

“race” / racism

Racism was invented to separate people into a hierarchy.

rudyard kipling

created white man’s burden: white men must colonialize and civilize weaker races

philippines

after being taken over → Philippine-American War when Filipinos who had initially welcomed the Americans who promised to end Spanish rule, promptly took over the Philippines for themselves. 

“century of humiliation”

period of intense foriegn domination when the communist party took over

silver trade

cohongs were chinese firms that traded with foreigners, trade must be conducted with silver coins

opium war

british east india company traded with opium (india would produce) to exchange it for silver in china and make more money, causing people to get addicted and opium to be outlawed, leading to british losing money and getting mad causing a war

unequal treaties

treaties after the war to decrease the power of china and increase the control of british in china

qing dynasty

first imperial dynasty

taiping rebellion

poverty increases —> rebellion because of drug addiction and discontent

boxer rebellion

militial rebellion aimed at removing foriegners from China, led by Society of Righteous and Harmonius Fists

spheres of influence

countries decreased power over chinese tributary states, in return, qing gov gave power to other powers to create railroads, etc.

british east india company

A company that took control of India for its resources and trade with other Asian countries.

sepoy mutiny

sepoy: Indians who served the British army in India

mutiny: Rebellion against your authorities (soldiers against their bosses)

british raj

The time when the British took direct control over India

deindustrialization

Britain now had all of the textile factories. Before, India would produce cotton and produce the products. But now, they only produce the cotton and then send it to Britain

textiles

flexible materials made from interlaced or bonded fibers (natural or synthetic) into yarns, threads, or fabrics

jallianwal bagh massacre (amritsar massacre)

they were gathered in a large group listening to gandhi (not allowed to do that) so they started shooting at them

general dyer

the general who started the massacre