ICT MIDTERM - 1ST SEM

Alexander Graham Bell

Revolutionized the communications field by inventing the telephone.

Pre-Mechanical Period (3000 BCE - 14th Century)

The era where words and pictograms were carved in rocks; included the discovery of papyrus and paper.

Mechanical Period (16th Century)

The era marked by mechanical calculation devices.

Abacus

A counting device invented in Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE.

Blasé Pascal

Invented the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, in 1642.

Charles Babbage

Known as the Father of the modern computer; created the Difference Engine (1821) and Analytical Engine (1832).

Electromechanical Period (18th Century)

The era when electricity was first used to transmit information.

Telegraph

The first device to use electricity to transmit information over an electrical media; invented in 1837 by William Cooke and Sir Wheatstone.

Samuel Morse

Introduced the first single-circuit telegraph in 1844, which gave rise to Morse Code.

Telephone

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876; converts sounds into electricity for transmission over copper wires.

Radio

Discovered by Marconi in 1894; found that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from their point of origin.

Electronic Period (1940-present)

The modern era of computing technology.

Vacuum Tube Machines (ENIAC)

The first general-purpose electronic digital computer.

Transistor (1947)

A small electronic switch invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs; can turn current on/off or amplify signals.

Integrated Circuit (1958)

A tiny chip made of semiconductor material that holds multiple transistors and other components; invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

Computer Microprocessors (1971)

The entire central processing unit (CPU) placed on a single chip; first developed by Intel (Intel 4004) led by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

The processing of data that includes sending, editing, receiving, locating, and saving using different hardware and software components.

ICT Components

Include datafication, internet access, cloud computing, software/hardware, transactions, and communication technology.

World Wide Web (WWW)

An information system on the internet that allows documents to be connected by hypertext links.

Web Page

A hypertext document connected to the World Wide Web.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

The transfer method used by the WWW to transmit and receive web pages.

Websites

Connections between a single web page to multiple web pages.

Timothy John Berners-Lee (TimBL)

An English engineer and computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web in 1989.

Web 1.0 (Static Web)

The early phase of the web characterized by static, read-only websites.

Web 2.0 (Dynamic Web)

The second generation of the web, characterized by user-generated content and interactivity; coined by Darcy DiNucci (1999) and popularized by Tim O'Reilly & Dale Dougherty (2004).

Folksonomy

A feature of Web 2.0 that allows users to categorize information using freely chosen keywords (tags).

Rich User Experience

A Web 2.0 feature where content is dynamic and responsive to user input.

User Participation

A Web 2.0 feature where users can create and share content, not just the website owner.

Long Tail

A Web 2.0 feature where services are offered on demand rather than as a one-time purchase.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

A Web 2.0 feature where users subscribe to software only when needed rather than purchasing it.

Mass Participation

A Web 2.0 feature characterized by diverse information sharing through universal web access.

Web 3.0 (Semantic Web)

The third generation of the internet, aimed at having machines understand user preferences to deliver targeted content.

Semantic Web

A movement led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to create a common framework for data sharing and reuse.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.

Dr. Geoffrey E. Hinton

Known as the Godfather of Modern AI; built a Neural Net in 2012.

Convergent Technologies

The unification of different technologies into one.

Mobile Technologies

Refers to the rise of smartphones and high-speed internet like 5G LTE.

Operating System (OS)

Software responsible for the overall function of a device, managing memory and processes.

iOS

The operating system used in Apple devices.

Android

An open-source OS developed by Google.

Social Media

Websites, applications, or online channels that enable users to create, discuss, and exchange user-generated content.

Social Networks

A type of social media that allows the creation of personal accounts to connect with others.

Bookmarking Sites

Sites that allow users to store and manage links to various websites.

Social News

Sites where users post news articles or links, and the community decides what's trending.

Media Sharing

Sites that allow users to upload and share media content like images, music, and video.

Microblogging

Online broadcast mediums that allow users to post and exchange short contents.

Blogs and Forums

Platforms that allow users to post content, often in a question-and-answer or discussion format.

Assistive Media

Devices that are adaptive, assistive, and rehabilitative for the elderly and people with special needs.

Online Systems

The integrated use of software, hardware, and the internet to deliver functions through a platform.

Online Platforms

The range of services and tools available on the internet to provide online functions (e.g., search engines, social media).

Online Functions

What an online system can do for its users (e.g., search information, speed up transactions).

Online Safety (E-safety)

The maximization of users' awareness of safety protocols and security risks online.

Online Security

Rules and actions taken to ensure that user data and privacy are not compromised by cybercriminals.

Online Crimes

Illegal activities that use the internet or electronic devices to commit a crime.

Cyberbullying

The use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person.

Republic Act 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013)

Philippine law that defines bullying as the repeated use of words or actions causing harm or disrupting learning.

Flaming

An online fight using electronic messages with angry and vulgar language.

Harassment

The act of repeatedly sending nasty, mean, and insulting messages.

Denigration

Sending or posting gossip or rumors to damage a person's reputation.

Impersonation

Pretending to be someone else to get that person in trouble or damage their reputation.

Outing

Sharing someone’s secrets or embarrassing information online.

Trickery

Tricking someone into revealing secrets and then sharing that information online.

Exclusion

Intentionally or cruelly excluding someone from an online group.

Cyberstalking

Repeated, intense harassment and denigration that includes threats or significant fear.

Identity Theft (Identity Fraud)

Wrongfully obtaining and using another person’s personal data for fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.

Phishing

The fraudulent practice of sending emails purporting to be from reputable companies to induce individuals to reveal personal information.

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own without full acknowledgement.

Copyright Infringement

Reproducing, distributing, or displaying a copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright owner.

Fair Use

A legal doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as criticism, teaching, or research.

Malware

Malicious software, including computer viruses, worms, and spyware.

Computer Worms

Programs that replicate themselves from one computer to another without human intervention.

Spam

Unsolicited junk mail, often containing risky links.

Firewalls

Security tools that prevent unauthorized access to a network; the first line of defense.

Internet Ethics

The analysis of the role the internet plays in the development of a "good life" and societal values.

Online Etiquette

The code of conduct for courteous and respectful behavior online.