Exam 1 Applied Phonetics

Phonetics

The study of production and perception of speech sounds.

Linguistic Complexity

Isolation, word, sentence, conversation

Response Complexity

One specific sound, multiple sounds in each word.

System Complexity

Refers to the system you are using to assess and manage speech sounds. Two way scoring, Five way scoring, Narrow transcription, Broad transcription.

Two way scoring

Easiest scoring system. Correct or incorrect, or socially acceptable vs socially unacceptable. Usually for screenings.

Five way scoring

Describes speech sound production as correct or with reference to the kind of error that is being ma

Five way scoring errors

Deletion, substitution, distortion, addition

Deletion

A sound is deleted all together. Cup is pronounced as “up”

Substitution

One sound is replaced by another. Cow is pronounced as “tow.”

Distortion

One sound is produced in a way that is not quite correct. A lateralized “s.”

Addition

When a sound is added to the speech production of a word. Also known as “epenthesis.”

Transcription

Describes what someone says rather than score or judge. Requires the use of IPA.

Broad transcription

Very general form of transcription

Narrow transcription

Transcribing with more specific details. Use of diacritics. (devoiced, lateralized, dentalized).

Language

A socially shared code that uses arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of symbols to represent ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Grammar

Rules that govern how units of language can be combined to create meaningful and novel utterances.

Speech

Physical behavior that encompasses patterns of movement of the speech structures and patterns of acoustic vibrations that these movements generate.

Articulatory Features

Actions of the speech musculature

Acoustic features

Description of the sounds heard.

Sign language

Form of manual communication

Lip reading

The articulatory and acoustic features of speech can be “decoupled” or interpreted separately from one another.

Speech community

A group of people who live within the same geographical boundaries and use the same language.

Dialect

Usage patterns within a language, easier to identify in speech than writing.

Regional dialects

Characteristics of people who live in a geographic area.

Idiolect

An individual’s unique form of spoken language.

Morpheme

The smallest element of language that carries a semantic interpretation. Word meaning, a unit of grammar.

Morphology

The study of morphemes

Morphemic transcription

Involves transcription of morphemic content of an utterance. Valuable for language analysis.

Free morphemes

Carry a specific meaning when they appear alone

Bound morphemes

Must be attached to another morpheme to carry meaning

Affix

Attached to a free morpheme

Prefix

Added that is added before the free morpheme

Suffix

Affix that is added after the free morpheme

Derivational affixes

Affix that changes the meaning or word class of the free morpheme

Inflectional affixes

Affixes that do not change the overall meaning or word class of a free morpheme

Lexicon

Meaning that you acquire when you learn a language. Not just vocabulary-- nuances of morphology and language too

Phones

Speech sound segments. Can be phonemes or allophones. Not all phones are phonemes within a given language.

Phonemes

Basic sound segments (phones) that can signal a distinct difference in meaning

Minimal pairs

Pairs of morphemes that differ in only one sound segment

Allophones

Phonemes can have slightly differently phones that can be used in their place without changing the meaning

Morphemic transcription

Identification of meaningful units

Phonemic transcription

Identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker’s language

Phonetic transcription

Identification of allophonic variations in a speaker’s pattern of sounds

Orthography

Conventional written spelling

Alphabet

Set letters or characters used for writing of language

Allograph

Different letters or letter combinations that represent the same phoneme

International Phonetic Alphabet

Emerged in 1800’s, over 100 symbols, vowels, consonants, diacritics

Diacritic marks

Special marks that indicate modification of sound

Phonology

The study of systematic organization of sounds in languages. Rules for sounds

Articulatory phonetics

Study of how phonemes are formed by the movement of speech structures

Acoustic phonetics

Study of physical properties of sounds as they are transmitted and encoded

Syllable

Brings together a collection of sounds into a unit. Structure can be described with Cs and Vs.

Monosyllabic

1 syllable

Disyllabic

2 syllables

Polysyllabic

3 or more syllables

Broad Transcription

Involves using IPA to indicate how speech is produced

Narrow or close transcription

Involves more detail and the use of smaller symbols to show how a sound is produced. (aspiration, etc).

Respiratory system

Lungs, rib cage, abdomen, intrinsic muscles, extrinsic muscles, diaphragm

Egressive

Sounds produced with an outward flow of air

Ingressive

Sounds produced with an inward flow of air

Breath group

Sequence of words/sounds produced on a single breath

Norms

10 seconds per breath, pause at phrase and clause boundaries

Inspiration

Inhalation, chest muscles contract, chest volume expands, creates more room for air to enter.

Laryngeal system

Larynx “voice box,” trachea, “wind pipe,” vocal folds - small cushions of muscles

Abduction

Vocal folds are open, breathing

Adduction

Vocal folds come together

Fundamental frequency

Rate of vibration in hertz (Hz). Men have a lower rate of VF vibration compared to women and children

Supralaryngeal system

Pharyngeal cavity, pharynx - throat, Oral cavity - lips, jaw, tongue, Nasal cavity, Velum - soft palate, Mobile articulators versus immobile articulators

Velopharyngeal port

Opening between the oral-pharyngeal and nasal cavities

Velum

Soft palate. Raised, lowered, or at rest

Velopharyngeal wall

Contraction can also close the VP port. Especially relevant for clients with a cleft palate

Oral radiation of sound energy for oral sounds

Velum is raised, sounds travel out of oral cavity

Nasal radiation of sound for nasal sounds

Velum is lowered, sound travels out of nasal cavity

Mandible

Jaw. Moves up, down, forward, and backward. Relevant for lower lip and tongue movement

Lips

Move up and down, capable of sounding and protruding. When the lips protrude, the oral cavity lengthens.

Tongue

Connects to the jaw and hyoid bone. Hydrostat, no internal skeleton, has muscles

Body

Main bulk or mass of the tongue

Apex

“Tip” that is visible when the tongue protrudes between the lips

Blade

Behind the apex, before the dorsum

Dorsum

“Back” of the tongue

Root

Long portion that forms that pharynx

X ray Imaging

Allows us to see how different articulators interact to create individual and sequences of speech sounds. Con: Risk of radiation

Electromagnetic articulography

Helmet on the head receives signals from transmitters placed on the tongue or other articulators. No risk for radiation. Con: Not tolerated well by all individuals

Ultrasound

Noninvasive method to visualize tongue movement. Relatively safe. Con: Cannot see other structures besides the tongue

Magnetic resonance imaging

Allows us to visualize articulators without risk of radiation. Con: Expensive

Electropalatography

Dynamic palatography; measures tongue contact to an artificial palate via electrodes

Endoscopy

Endoscopes passes through the nose and provides a visual of the pharynx or larynx/vocal folds. Can be uncomfortable, although numbing agents can be used

Aerodynamic analysis

A face mask allows for measurement of airflow from oral and nasal cavities. VP insufficiencies, submucosal cleft palate

Acoustic analysis

Software program allow us to record and visualize speech acoustics

Vowels

Speech sounds that are formed without significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities. Serves as a syllable nucleus. Usually “voiced” meaning the vocal folds vibrate.

Monophthong

Pure vowel with unchanging sound quality

Diphthong

Vowel produced with a change in sound quality and articulator movement

Vowel quadrilateral

A plot depicting tongue height and advancement during production of vowels

High vowels

Tongue is close to the roof of the mouth or “high” in the oral cavity

Low vowels

Tongue is further from the roof of the mouth or “low” in the oral cavity, jaw is lower

Front vowels

Tongue is forward in the oral cavity

Back vowels

Tongue is further back within the oral cavity