geography changing places ALL flaschards

geographic place definition

1. a location on a map / a description of its physical and human characteristics

2. without meaning, these are just spaces - unkown and unfamilliar

place of meanign definition:

1. a place becomes meaningful through emotional attachment and experiences

2. e.g. a home physically is a home with rooms, but emotionally it is a space with memories

changing sense of place: definition and example

the subjective and emotional attatchment people have to a place, based on: experience, knowledge and connections

e.g. A tourist city like London may be seen as positive by a tourist, but negative by someone who lives there and hates their job

Genius Loci

this is the spirit of a place - every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere based on what it was and what it is now

factors affecting people’s sense of place - age and gender

age:

1. children focus on play spaces, familiarity and safety

2. teenagers value social space, independance and culture

3. older adults want quietness, community and accessibility

Gender:

1. women may see some places as unsafe at night

2. they can use recreational space differently

factors affecting people’s sense of place - ethnicity and religion

ethnicity:

1. ethnic backround influences cultural meaning behind places

2. ethnics can feel: included in multicultural areas or excluded by discrimination and low diversity

religion:

1. sacred spaces have more significance

2. conflicts and tensions create negative feelings towards places

study - Relph

Placelessness - the loss of uniqueness and identity, often caused by globalisation

1. places start to look and feel the same (clone towns, same stores, architecture)

2. people may feel less emotionally connected to placed due to their lack of individuality

study - Tuan

Topophilia - the ‘love of a place’ - the strong emptional and cultural attachment people have to specific locaitons

1. can be caused by memories, experiences, cultural significances and aesthetic appreciation

2. places with strong topophilia connections often have deep meaning for individuals and communities

study - Massey

dynamic place - places are not bounded, they are dynamic / interconnected / shaped by global processes

1. a progressive sense of place - connections whihc flow through identitiy are never finished or final, with a place belonging to everyone who interacts with it

2. goes against defensive ideas that places must stay the same as this idea is unrealistic

3. globalisation does not destroy places, it forms new identities

endogenous factors - definition and factors

those which originate from within the place, making them local:

1. Land use - is the area urban or rural

2. physical geography / location

3. infrastructure - services, roads, network, schools healthcare etc.

4. demographics - age, race, gender etc.

5. economic characteristics - industries, economic sectors, growth etc.

exogenous factors - definition and factors

those which originate from outside a place:

1. people - tourists, migrants, vistors changea n area

2. money and investment - trade deals, major events e.g. sports etc.

3. resources - raw materials, products, food, energy

4. ideas - information about an area from another country, designers bringing processes within an area

Insider perspective

those who feel at home within an area:

1. born here

2. hold local citizenship

3. fluent in local language with idioms

   1. conform to social norms

outsider persepective

1. may not be accustomed to culture, social norms and dialect

2. shops and areas on high street may not be familiar

3. find ti hard to find particular foods which they had in their country of origin

4. may have feelings of unfamiliarity but may change in the long term

Media Places - example: Manchester

1. Shameless - insider perspective into the rough, gritty and poor backgrounds of Manchester, with council housing, rough streets and crime

2. Oasis - working class pride and youth rebellion, became an unofficial anthem for the area

3. ‘This is the place’ (poem) - ‘Northern grit, Nortern wit, recessions, depressions and dark times’

4. News - positive on Manchester being fast growing but negative regarding crime, and transprot inequality

near places

• places that people feel familiar with due to direct, personal experiences

• often geographically close, but the idea is based around emotional and experimental closeness

far places

• places that feel distant, unfamiliar or different than everyday life

• often far away, but can be socially or culturally different than everyday life

• often far away

• usually experience through media representations / secondary sources

• lead to outsider perspective shaped by imagination and stereotypes

Endogenous forces - definition and types

characteristics of a place which have originated internally within a place e.g.:

1. location

2. topography / physical geography

3. land use / built environment

4. infreastructure

5. demographic population

6. economic services

Exogenous factors - definition and factors

characteristics which originate from outside of a place, providing linkages and relationships with and to other places e.g.:

1. people - migrants or workers who migrate into an area

2. capital - investment from external businesses

3. resources

4. ideas - urban planner, architects and artists bringing ideas

Endogenous factors: Bromsgrove

• location - South-west Birmingham, edge of West Midland green belt

• built environment - historic market town, Georgian and Victorian houses

• land use - agricultural housing and green area

• economic - many commute to Birmingham, local jobs in retail, education and public sector

• physical geog / topography - rolling hills, rural, woodland

Endogenous factors: Llandudno

• land use - tourist town, shops cafes, services

• topography / physical geography - coastal town, steep hilly land, flat town centre, limestone geology, exposed to coastal weather

• economy - traditional tourism decline, rise in day-trippers and a retirement economy

• infrastructure - good rail links to major cities, Promoneade Pier

Exogenous factors - Bromsgrove

in-migration - up 8.5% over last decade, 5 year older average population, being 45, strong inflow from urban areas e.g. Birmingham

economic shift - high-income commuter profile, local areas e.g. Barnt Green have the highest income in Worcestershire, manufacturing decline

transport - influenced by M5/M42 junctions, can go as far as Hereford by train

Exogenous factors - Llandudno

In-migration - population often declining due to older residents dying, 97% whit population, high second-home ownership

economic shits = tourism dependant economy, shift from seaside tourism to day-trip and heritage, high service of service and tourism sector jobs

transport = A55 Expressway links to Manchester and Liverpool, rail links to Manchester airport

clone town - definition

where high streets and shopping areas are dominated by chain Stores

term made by New Economic Foundation

clone town - example, Heathrow Airport

1. 70 shops and 30 restaurants, however, all of these are chain stores, presenting a lack of identity

2. Any old terminals are removed to make way for larger, efficient terminals, rather than preserving identity

Home town - definition

a place that retains it’s individual character and is recognisable and distinctive to people who live there or visit

Home town - Llandudno

• £10 million investment

• maintain the Victorian facade of former Tudno Castle

• conservation rules in the area preserve Llandudno’s historic character, limiting large branding

Clone town - Minehead

1. tourism based seaside town, with a small population and preservation of specific history e.g. Hobby horse festival

2. High street is not dominated by national chains, with unique smaller shops and preservation of old areas

clone town - Cambridge

1. described by the New Economics Foundation as a ‘clone zone’ in the city centre

2. it highlighted that there were only 9 varieties of shops showing low diversity

3. historic centre now dominated by national chains, with independent shops now down smaller side streets

Ferdinand Tonnies - Gemeinschaft

community based, close relations:

1. everyone knows everyone

2. strong personal bonds

3. social life around family, church and social events

4. informal social control

what this shows:

• why rural areas resist change

• the emotional connections that shape experiences of places

Ferdinand Tonnies - Gesellschaft

modern, urban, impersonal and individualistic forms of social organisation

1. urban areas

2. impersonal relationships

3. individualism

4. rapid change and modernisation

5. weak social cohesion

what this shows;

1. urban areas have weak community tires

2. why residients are varied and fragmented

3. globalised cities have more diversity and mobility

the way people see us: Nairobi

1. declining Britishness important

2. more African American lifestyles seen in the media, wanting to be American rather than British

3. investment into Asia rather than UK

4. still interested in UK sports

the way people see us: Russians

1. call us ‘foggy albion’ and still see us as basic stereotypes (stiff upper lip, drinking tea, emotional retardation)

2. London is still important to them, but relationship not recovered since Litvinenko murders

3. now see America as enemy no.1

the way people see us: America

1. associate with our accent and upper headendess

2. Tony Hayward has reduced some of the stereotypes, as well as Simon Cowell

the way people see us: Indiands

1. play a key role for higher education

2. look at UK as positive, in army and economic class

3. America leads the pack on fashion, media, music and TV now

the way people see us: Germany

1. unruly football hooligans

2. has not been the greater relationship, due to history

3. England has what Germany wants - a harmonious and functioning Government

4. see us as absurdly romantic

migration study: Handsworth

1. 4,700 out of 6,500 residents originate from outside of the UK, with the majoirty being Middle Eastern / Asian

2. average age in 34, 6 years younger than average

3. 3.3. residents per households, higher than average

4. specialist economy - community services fo linguistic purposes, cultural infrastructure e..g Mosques and specialist shops

   1. issues with overcrowded, housing shortages and strain on social services leads to frustration with new residents

why do Landmark’s matter

Symbol of identity:

1. act as visual anchors

2. shared spaced of belonging and culture

Influence on placer perception:

1. modernity e.g. the Shard

2. History and heritage e.g. Stonehenge

3. Regeneration e.g. the Angel of the North

4. economic character e.g. Canary Wharf

Landmark case study (inside, outsider, media, perception changing) - Angel of the North

insider - a symbol of resilience and rebirth, connection to industrial heritage with steel

outsider - iconic northern landmark representing the change on the north as a whole

media - controversy over design being too modern, but now is seen as a recognisable sculpture for the north

perception - went from controversial to loved, showing industrial decline to regeneration and local landmark to national symbol

Landmark case study (inside, outsider, media, perception changing) - The Shard

insider - sign of london’s modern growth and economic success

outsider - a global landmark of wealth and elit business, seen as exclusive

media - flagship global interest, used in debates describing the ‘two London’s’

perception - strengthens perception that london is a world-leading city, increased perception and economic divides

Global initiatives - Detroit - why did the most industry thrive in Detroit?

1. the industry with Dodge and Henry Ford brought large investment, with affordable cars being made accessible to the USA causing explosive growth

2. African American’s who immigrated found new opportunities to work in Detroit

3. became a manufacturing powerhouse with the ‘big 3’ car industries

4. WW2 allowed Detroit to produce military vehicles and weapons

Global initiatives - Detroit - why did the motor industry decline?

1. centralized production made the city controlled by companies

2. international competition challenged Detroit’s performance, as USA hade stronger unions and higher wages

3. the failure to adapt to consumer taste and competition with tech lagged the city behind rivals, which meant when the industry declined, so did Detroit

Global initiatives - Detroit - what were the effects of the Decline

1. unemployment - 28,00 workers lost jobs when GM closed Buick City

2. the big 3 no longer existed, loosing its social character

Ford became the most influential in Driving regeneration, with:

1. £1 billion to restore Michigan central station

2. 5000 tech jobs, changing the employment base to be more successful

3. Mixed income household improvements

Local initiative - Hackney Boxing - knockout success

1. local community sports initative, working with young people especially those at risk of crime or exclusion

2. helps to lower crime, build a youth community in an urban area, improve life chance and improve Hackney’s reputation

3. limited funding keeps the impact localised, risk of being overshadowed by larger fitness imitative groups e.g. Pure Gym

Re-branding definition

reinventing a place for economic reasons, normally by an agency to attract investment in areas e.g. London Docklands

Re-imagining definition

reinvesting in a place for cultural reasons, changing the way the area is perceived via the media

Re-making definition

umbrella term bringing the social, economic, and cultural changes a place experiences, including changes that are not deliberate

past development impacts - historical sties

1. impacts endegenous forces acting on a place

2. may be restrictions to building, renovating, and planning permission

3. effect the economy by creating tourism

past development impacts - recent developments

1. impact on landscape and whether areas are loved or hated

2. might be subject to planning permision restriction

   1. utilised and manipulated to change in perception of place to regenerate an area while keeping identityb

development impact - Park hill Sheffield / Urban Splash - before development

before:

1. it worked as affordable and new housing for the people who just moved in, with: nursery’s, underground heating and large apartment corridors presenting benefits to homeowners

2. it was seen for it’s high crime rate to others, with it being a no-go area,

development impact - Park hill Sheffield / Urban Splash - the urban splash company

1. was known for redeveloping deprived areas in the trendy and new areas with a better known areas

2. they bought the site to turn it into flats and business units, with their plan to add colour to the building

3. this costed £14 million on the north block and then £17 million on the 2nd phase

development impact - Park hill Sheffield / Urban Splash - impacts

1. many new fflats brought residents bac to the inner city, created a more safe space, but many see it as an eyesore as it can be clearly seen due to it’s location on park hill

2. job creation and attraction of new business

3. energy efficiency and reduced pressure on greenfield sites