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What was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607?
Jamestown
What period did the ancestors of Native Americans migrate to the Americas?
10,000-40,000 years ago during the Ice Age.
What were the initial lifestyles of Native Americans?
Hunter-gatherers with little specialization and small evidence of hierarchy.
What agricultural crop significantly influenced sedentary Native American societies?
Maize.
What were the three sisters crops in Northeast/Eastern Woodlands?
Maize, beans, and squash.
What major civilization is known for the first documented records in the Americas?
Meso-America.
What empire is known for having built Tenochtitlan?
The Aztec Empire.
Who was the last emperor of the Aztecs encountered by Spanish conquistadors?
Montezuma II.
What event is referred to when Columbus reached the Americas in October 1492?
The discovery of the New World.
What was the main goal of conquistadors?
To become wealthy through conquest.
What system allowed the Spanish to enslave Native Americans and take their land?
The Encomienda System.
What catastrophic effect did European diseases have on Native American populations?
90 percent died from diseases such as smallpox.
What notable architectural achievement is associated with the Inca Empire?
Machu Picchu.
What was a major result of the Columbian Exchange?
Exchange of food, culture, disease, people, and technology between the Americas and the rest of the world.
What characterized the Northeastern/Northeast Tribes like the Iroquois?
Semi-sedentary farming culture with matriarchal influences.
What motivated the Portuguese to explore during the 15th century?
Pursuit of wealth and control of trade routes.
What was the name of the Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus's voyage?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
What was the purpose of the Spanish Armada sent against England in 1588?
To defeat England and re-establish Catholicism.
What significant societal roles did women hold among the Iroquois Confederation?
Influential positions, including land ownership.
Who was the first explorer to successfully sail around the world?
Ferdinand Magellan.
What was the primary economic incentive behind French settlements in North America?
Expansion of the fur trade.
What characterized the social structure in Spanish America during colonial times?
A caste system based on race.
What term refers to Native American beliefs in the spirit surrounding nature?
Animism.
What technology advancement helped Europeans during their exploration efforts?
Better weapons.
What did early English settlements largely consist of after the Protestant Reformation?
Colonization by Protestant settlers.
What was one of the consequences of the War of the Roses in England?
The emergence of the Tudor dynasty.
Who initiated sea exploration for Portugal during the 15th century?
Prince Henry the Navigator.
What defined the way the Iroquois Confederation was governed?
A democratic-style government consisting of five tribes.
What sparked increased competition among European nations after 1540?
Gold was no longer being discovered.
What natural resources were primarily traded in the Columbian Exchange?
Pigs, cows, maize, and horses.
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