FST 010 : midterm 2

definitions of myth?

* **traditional story** (explains a natural or social phenomenon, typically involving supernatural beings of events)
* a widely held but **false belief of idea**

list 5 examples of modern myths

1. cookie dough will rise in your stomach (true)
2. twinkies will never go bad (false)
3. original coca-cola contained cocaine (true, but not anymore lmao)
4. certain kinds of mushrooms can make you hallucinate (true)
5. eating carrots will improve your vision (false)

definition of folklore?

* traditional beliefs, customs, and stories __passed from generation to generation by word of mouth__
* a body of popular myths and beliefs
* relating to particular place, activity or group of people/culture

what does “folk” and “lore” mean?

* folk = people
* lore = stories

share examples of folklore

* legend of the coconut tree from Malaysia
* moral: be patient, don’t disobey your elders
* legend of the Guarana from Brazil
* why is the sky so high from Ghana?
* moral: work during the day and rest at night
* legend of the chicken gizzards from zambia

what exercise is an example of folklore in action?

the whisper chain activity because it emphasizes the effects of passing down stories from generation to generation by mouth

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inaccuracies, untruths, embellishments, and misinformation occur

what is an anecdote? (hint, there are 2 def)

1. a short and amusing or interesting __**story about a real incident or person**__
2. an account regarded as __**unreliable or hearsay**__

what is experimental evidence?

experimental evidence is comprised of observations that are systematically generated __**under controlled conditions**__

what is a hypothesis?

an idea or theory that can be tested through study and experimentation

T or F? a hypothesis is proven

false. a hypothesis is not proven, but leads to further study or discussion. it is **more than a wild guess but less than a well established theory**

what are 3 ways of testing a hypothesis?

1. **blind studies**


1. where a subject doesn’t know whether they receive the test substance or a placebo (has no expectations about the result)
2. **double blind studies**


1. neither the experimenter nor the test subject knows
3. **statistical treatment of data**


1. to estimate the degree of certainty

what is the rationale for testing hypotheses?

logic

define deductive logic

**reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion**

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example:

all students eat pizza. emily is a student at uc davis. therefore, emily eats pizza.

define inductive logic

**uses a set of facts and outcomes from one situation and generalizes it to others. it suggests the truth but does not ensure it.**

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example: the bank safe was robbed last night. whoever robbed it knew the code. only 2 ppl know the code: sierra and morgan. morgan needed money to pay off car debt. morgan was seen sneaking around outside the bank last night. it is reasonable to conclude that morgan robbed the safe.

what are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

1. make an observation


1. ask a question and define the problem
2. form a testable hypothesis and make a prediction
3. design an experiment and collect data
4. analyze data
5. interpret results and draw conclusions
6. iterate


1. use your results to make and test a new hypothesis!

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what is the role of statistics in science?

the role of statistics in science is to **interpret data and draw unbiased conclusions**

what are the 5 aspects of a controlled experiment?

1. hypothesis
2. conditions


1. keeps the environments identical to control other variables, as we only want to change our variable of interest
3. control group
4. experimental group
5. replication


1. each treatment group is replicated in order to give us multiple observations for each condition

what is the hawthorne effect?

an alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed, also known as the observer effect.

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ex. when workers known people are concerned about them, their productivity increases

what is the placebo effect?

by some mechanism, a person responds to the perceived administration of a stimulus and **experiences a positive response or outcome**

what is the nocebo effect?

an effect is observed that has a negative outcome **following an expectation of the negative outcome**

one person’s observation & conclusion is an example of …

a. a myth

b. an experiment

c. a fact

d. an anecdotal observation

d. an anecdotal observation

given a new variety of organic bean sprouts, college students had fewer colds and flu during the winter

a. nocebo effect?

b. placebo effect?

B. placebo effect

try these new genetically engineered tomatoes! let us know if they taste worse than organically grown

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a. nocebo effect?

b. placebo effect?

A. nocebo effect

what "products” were involved in the triangular trade?

sugar, rum, and slaves

how was sugar a part of the triangular trade?

sugar cane was grown on plantations in america through slave labor. new england and europe **converted sugar cane to molasses to rum.**

how was rum a part of the triangular trade?

rum was a high value trade item, and a sugar cane product (left after crystallization of grains). the rum profits or rum itself was used to purchase people in Africa

how were slaves a part of the triangular trade?

enslaved people were brought to work on sugar plantations in America

what is the difference between white sugar & brown sugar?

white table sugar

* **= to sucrose**
* **uniform quality** (99.99% purity)
* doesn’t really go bad
* source of nutritive energy
* no micronutrients or anything else
* there is **only the taste of sweetness**

==brown sugar==

* white table sugar + molasses
* light brown sugar = 3.5% molasses
* dark brown sugar \~ 6.5% molasses
* has **more taste** or flavor than white sugar (from molasses)
* **hygroscopic: holds moisture and makes things stay moist**
* gives softer texture
* **darker sugar → chewier baked good**

what are natural sugar options with value?

* %%small amounts of vitamins and minerals%%
* **remember:** white sugar is empty calories, there are no vitamins or minerals
* ex. coconut sugar and brown sugar

what are the natural sweetener options?

* according to the keto diet chat, %%“less bad” for weight and blood sugar levels%%
* @@taste very sweet for fewer calories@@
* ex. monk fruit and stevia extracts

how is crude stevia recognized by the US FDA?

not generally recognized as safe (GRAS), it is banned completely

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but **stevia extracts are considered GRAS** and can be sold as stevia-based sweetners

list 6 examples of natural sugars

1. table sugar (sucrose = frucrose:glucose \[50/50\])
2. corn syrup (hydrolyzed corn starch, 100% glucose)
3. honey
4. maple syrup
5. coconut sugar
6. xylitol (which is in many gums)

are any of these sugars not synthetic?

* HFCS
* Table Sugar
* Aspartame
* Saccharin
* Corn syrup
* Sucralose
* Xylitol
* Alitame
* Neotame
* Acesulfame Potassium
* cyclamates

Table Sugar, Corn Syrup, and Xylitol are all natural sugars. the rest are synthetic sugars/ sweeteners

what is phenylketonuria and what synthetic sugars release it vs which don’t?

the body cannot process phenylketonuria.

* aspartame releases it
* neotame does not release it

what is high fructose corn syrup?

* ordinary corn syrup (100% glucose) **treated with enzymes**
* it is **cheaper than sucrose**, and has been the choice of industry since 80s
* sweeter than regular corn syrup (can adjust the fructose:glucose ratio)
* **is NOT a natural sugar**

all of the following are considered natural sugars except:


1. xylitol
2. high fructose corn syrup
3. honey
4. sucrose
5. maple syrup

2. HFCS

what is lactose?

* combination of **glucose + galactose** creates lactose
* it is a **disaccharide with 1/6 sweetness of sucrose**
* at least half of the world’s adults cannot effectively digest lactose due to issues with lactase production (the don’t produce enough lactase)

what is the solution to lactose intolerance?

* ^^lactase, a friendly enzyme^^
* **use lactase when processing** products (ex. Lactaid milk)
* people can **take lactase** with meals (pills)
* **fermenting dairy products lowers lactose** (lactose → lactic acid, ex. yogurt & cheese)

can babies be lactose intolerant?

despite commonality of lactose inolerance of adult population, it is __**extremely rare for babies to be lactose intolerant**__

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**signs of LI in babies**: fussiness, inflammation, or diarrhea within 1 hr of consuming bovine milk products

* **primary causes**: genetic condition or premature birth
* **secondary causes**: intestinal genetic condition or damage

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why?

lactose is developed in the microfolds of the gut, so any damage or __underdevelopment__ __**may lead to an imbalance or complete lack of lactase development**__

what is the glycemic index?

measure of how quickly foods raise blood sugar levels

* glucose, GI = 100
* table sugar, GI = 60
* coconut sugar, GI = 54

foods with GI = 50 raise blood sugar levels half as much as pure glucose

what is present in fruit that slows down sugar absorption?

fiber

is juice concentrate healthy?

it does not necessarily mean healthy because it is mostly sugar since most of the healthy components have been removed

where are fiber rich foods on the glycemic index?

**low on the GI**

* but *low fiber foods do not necessarily have a high GI*

what does the glycemic index measure?

a measure of how quickly foods raise the sugar levels in blood

fruits contain this key component which slows down the absorption of sugars in the body


1. vitamins
2. glucose
3. protein
4. fiber
5. minerals

4. fiber

what enzyme deficiency is responsible for lactose intolerance and also has a solution to it if taken with food?

lactase

these sweeteners are considered to be less bad for weight and blood sugar levels, according to the keto diet chart…

natural sweetener options like stevia extract and monk fruit

what are the 3 principal grains?

wheat, rice and corn

how much of the world’s food comes from plants?

more than 50%

where was wheat believed to have been first cultivated?

in the fertile crescent between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

which country has been growing wheat longer? egypt or china?

^^egypt started growing wheat in 4000 BC^^ while china started in 2800 BC, so **egypt**

bread is one of the oldest ___ foods

**prepared** foods

T/F: all cultures/countries have some sort of bread today

TRUE

introduced widely by colonialism, immigration, etc.

what is most likely the most widely eaten food?

bread

what does bread & breaking it symbolize?

* harvest, fruitfulness and fertility
* breaking bread is a symbol of peace

how is bread related to religion?

it is part of religious rituals and beliefs

* unleavened bread eaten during passover in Judaism
* bread eaten during communion in Christianity

what is the sea urchin fossil myth?

* **to protect against witchcraft that was thought to prevent bread from rising** or being properly formed
* fossils were believed to have been **made by fairies** and were shaped like loaves
* they were kept in homes to ensure that people would always have bread

what is the anatomy of a grain?

endosperm 83%

bran 14%

germ 3%

white bread has…

less fiber as the bran is removed during processing

does whole wheat bread cure Amenia?

does not “cure anemia”, but some breads and other wheat products are fortified with iron

which of the following statements about bread are true?

* most widely eaten food in the world
* whole wheat bread has more fiber than white bread
* plays an important role in religious rituals
* all of the above

D. all of the above

which of the following statements about grains are true?

a. grains originated in China

b. they were first cultivated 100 years

c. the principal grains are wheat, corn, and rice

d. all of the above

c. the principal grains are wheat, corn, and rice

what is beer?

an alcoholic beverage from fermented grains and usually flavored with hops

what is the main pro of beer other than getting drunk?

provides a good source of calories

who are the top 5 beer producers?

China, US, Brazil, Mexico, Germany

what century does beer date back to?

6th century BC

* was most likely the result of spontaneous fermentation of bread

why was beer important in ancient egypt and mesopotamia?

* used for religion and medicine
* spread the art of brewing to the rest of the world

who built the first breweries in medieval europe and why?

**monks built the first breweries** (mainly by french Cistercian monasteries and later on by trappist Orders) **to feed the community and fund their causes**

T/F: beer was considered food since it contributed to calories in medieval europe

TRUE

brewing beer was typically done by which gender?

women

why was hops added to beer in medieval europe?

first added as preservatives

when was alcohol illegal in the US? what was the effect of it on the population?

1920-1933 8th amendment

* people snuck in beer from other countries like Canada
* bootleggers watered down beer to increase profits
* this lightened the palette of drinkers in the US as opposed to Europe

what are the main ingredients in beer? (hint: 6)

1. water
2. starch (usually malt)
3. hops


1. initially antimicrobial agent
2. flavor and aroma (bitter/dry)
4. yeast


1. fermentation
5. clarifying agent


1. precipitate proteins leftover
6. spices and fruits

what is the process of making beer?

1. mash tank


1. amylase activity to break down starch to sugars for the yeast
2. lautering


1. only fermentable sugars pass not spent grains
2. liquid = wort
3. boiling


1. boil to denature amylase
2. wort sterilized
3. hops are added here
4. fermentation


1. wort is cooled down so that it does not kill the yeast
2. yeast convert the sugar to alcohol
5. packaging


1. most expensive part
2. bottled
3. artificially or naturally carbonated

what is the composition of beer?

* \~4% alcohol - keeps it sterile and safe
* low pH (\~4.2)
* has carbohydrates, some minerals, as well as little protein and B vitamins

what is responsible for the foam and haze in beer?

protein

T/F: haze is always bad

FALSE

may be the result of suspended yeasts, a combination of proteins and plolyphenols or bacterial contamination

list the 3 beer folklore stories

1. @@Sekhmet Goddess of War (ancient egypt)@@


1. **lust for blood satiated by beer stained with red ochre (clay)** to her by Ra
2. she drank 7000 jars and was unable to fulfill her plan of destroying humanity
2. %%Kalevela (Finnish)%%


1. a female brewer tried to make beer for a wedding
2. the beer would not ferment
3. tried fir cones and foam from irritated bears
4. **pollen from honey bee worked and created the first batch of beer**


1. contained wild yeasts
3. ^^Norse Mythology^^


1. Thor gave Aegir a never ending cauldron of beer
2. **Seafoam is from this cauldron from the gods party under the sea**

top fermentation of beer involves…

1. ales
2. yeast rises to top (they need oxygen)
3. skim foam with yeast to reuse
4. high temp (68F) and short time 3-14 days

bottom fermentation of beer involves…

1. lagers
2. yeast settles to bottom
3. grows slowly
4. low temperature (48F) and longer time (up to 40 days)

what was used to trick Sekhmet into drinking beer?


1. red ochre
2. alcohol
3. red bottles
4. all of the above
5. nothing, she was not tricked

1. ==**red ochre**==

which of the following produces a thicker foam in beer?


1. bottom fermentation
2. top fermentation
3. stronger yeast strains
4. more initial starting yeast
5. none of the above

2. top fermentation (b/c yeast needs oxygen and rises to top)

haze in beer may occur as a result of…


1. suspended yeast
2. proteins
3. bacterial contamination
4. polyphenols
5. all of the above

5. all of the above, not just protein!

when did wheat cultivation begin?

4000 BCE

where did wheat originate?

Fertile Crescent region

what layer is removed from grains to polish them?

bran and germ

does white or whole wheat bread have more fiber?

whole wheat bread

when was beer first brewed?

6th century BCE

why must the wort be cooled down before fermentation?

to not kill the yeast in the fermentation step

what keeps beer sterile and safe to drink?

low pH (acidic)… also hops and alocohol

what is the avg pH of beer?

\~4.2

which fermentation process takes longer and produces less foam?

bottom fermentation

what is a spice?

a spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark, or vegetable substance used for the purpose of flavoring

(indirectly used for killing and preventing pathogenic bacteria growth)

what is a herb? why is it different from spices?

herbs are leafy green plant parts used for flavoring purposes

* herbs are from different parts/types of plants and have no relation to preventing bacterial growth

what are the 2 routes of the ancient spice trade? what differentiates them?

* two major ancient spice routes!!!
* Inland route: aka **Silk trade route**
* sea route: **Maritime route**

what place is the center of the spice trade?

**Kerala India** is the center of the spice trade as is the *destination of the Silk trade and Maritime routes.*

spices were limited in what continent in the middle ages?

europe

who brought back a secret source of spices to Europe?

Marco polo

what was venice’s place in the spice trade during the middle ages?

Venice became a great power and controlled the mediterranean

what countries were involved in the globalization of the spice trade?

Portuguese and Spanish globally trade spice