Exam 2

Chromosome

condensed, tightly coiled appearance of DNA

Chromatin

loose, scattered appearance of DNA

Chromatid

DNA double helix
-sister chromatid: replicated DNA

Centromere

constricted region where sister chromatids are attached (roughly center of chromosome)

Kinetocore

protein binding sites for cytoskeleton during cellular reproduction

Sexual

Sexual or Asexual: Requires two donors of genetic info

Sexual

Sexual or Asexual: Offspring is a combo of each donor

Sexual

Sexual or Asexual: Greatly increases variations in population

Asexual

Sexual or Asexual: Has only one genetic donor

Asexual

Asexual or Sexual? Offspring is genetically identical of parent

Asexual

Sexual or Asexual: Does not increase genetic variations in a population

Cell cycle

the alternating growth and reproduction of cells which is divided into interphase and mitosis

G1 stage, S stage, and G2 stage

What are the three stages of interphase called?

Interphase

first and longest phase of the cell cycle and divided into three stages

G1 stage

replication of cellular components (everything but the nucleus)

S stage

replication of genetic material

G2 stage

last minute checkpoint

Mitosis

nuclear division that occurs in somatic cells (body cells); result in production of genetically identical cells. Divided into four phases

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

what are the four phases of Mitosis?

Prophase

genetic info changes in appearance from chromatin to chromosome; nuclear membrane will fragment and disappear

Metaphase

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Anaphase

separation of sister chromatids

telophase

the sister chromatids begin to loosen, change from the appearance of chromosomes to chromatin; the nuclear membrane begins to reappear around both DNA molecules, on separate sides of the cell.

telophase

the process of cytokinesis occurs during _____

Cytokinesis

cytoplasmic separation, which results in two separate cells

Cleavage furrow and Cell plate formation

What are the two different types of Cytokinesis?

Cleavage furrow

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Cell plate formation

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Cancer

uncontrolled cellular division of somatic cells (body cells)

proto-oncogene

a normal, healthy gene that controls cellular division. Promotes cellular division

oncogene

mutated version of proto-oncogene; promotes the development of cancerous cells. Mutations are dominant (need only one bad copy)

False

T/F: You can pass cancer down to your kids

True

T/F: you can pass cancerous DNA/genetics of cancer to your children

Tumor supressor gene

gene acting to prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells; works to stop the development of cancerous cells. Mutations are recessive (need two bad copies).

Mutation

change in the proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor region of a gene resulting in the loss of normal control of cellular division

Tumor

mass or a group of rapidly dividing cells

Benign tunor

cells remain in original location; non-cancerous

Malignant Tumor

cells move to new location; cancerous

Metastasis

spreading of cancer cell from their original sites to form new secondary tumor

surgery

physical removal of cancerous cells; best if cancer cells are in one area

chemotherapy

use of chemicals to destroy rapidly dividing cells; attacks skin cells which can cause hair loss and taste loss

radiation

use of energy to destroy rapidly dividing cells

Gametes

sexually reproducing cells

Egg cells

gametes in women are called ______

Sperm Cells

gametes in men are called _________

Homologous Chromosomes

chromosomes that are the same length and shape, and carry the same genes in the same order

Diploid

have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent)

Haploid

having only one copy of each chromosome (what we offer our offspring)

Autosomes

chromosomes that determine non-sex characteristics of an individual

Sex chromosomes

chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

XX

Sex chromosomes in females are ___ ___

XY

Sex chromosomes in males are ___ ___

Meiosis

Nuclear division that will not produce genetically identical cells

meiosis

In ______ a production of 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell is made

Meoisis

_____ occurs in sex cells

Meiosis

______ is a reduction and devision process

Crossing over

exchanging of genetic info between homologous chromosomes

Meiosis I

separation of homologous chromosomes

Meiosis II

separation of sister chromatids

Polyploid cell

having one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes
humans (no survival)

Aneuploidy cell

having only a few extra or missing chromosomes because of nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, result in an individual having too much or too little genetic information

Trisomy 21

formed from nondisjunction in the autosomes with a result in three copies of chromosome 21. Down Syndrome.

Trisomy 18

having three copies of chromosome 18; results in Edward's syndrome.

Turner's syndrome

- formed from non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes
- female with only one copy of the X chromosome causing her genotype to be XO.
- The Female is sterile, small in stature shows signs of mental impairment, and lacks or has diminished secondary sexual characteristics (chest, hips)

Trisomy X

- formed from non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes
- female with three copies of the X chromosome. Her genotype is XXX.
- The Female is “normal”.

Klinefelter Syndrome

- Formed from non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes
- Male with two copies of the X chromosome and one copy of the Y chromosome. His genotype is XXY.
- Male will be sterile and have mixed secondary sexual characteristics (developing facial hair, muscle tone)

Jacob's syndrome

- Formed from non-disjunction in the sex chromosomes
- Male with two copies of the Y chromosome and one copy of the X chromosome. His genotype is XXY.
- Male is “normal”.

- All living things are made up of cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
-cells arise from pre-existing cells

What does the cell theory state?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

What are the structural components of cells?

proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

What are the common molecular components of cells?

ability to survive and reproduce on their own

Wha are the common functional components of cells?

prokaryotic cells

_____ cells
- do not have true membrane-bound nucleus
- simple in their structure
- bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic cells

_______ cells
- will have a membrane-bound nucleus
- very complex in their structure
- All kingdoms of *** domain

Prokaryotic

A _______ cell structure contains:
- cell wall
- flagella
- plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-nucleoid/nuclear region
- ribosomes

cell wall

- located outside of the plasma membrane
- provides the cell with protection and support

flagella

- extension of the plasma membrane
- provide the cell with movement

plasma membrane

- thin membrane around the cell
- composed of a phospholipid bilayer

cytoplasm

- inner space between the plasma membrane and genetic material

nucleoid/nuclear region

- location of genetic material

ribosomes

- small structures that make proteins

Eukaryotic

_______ cell structure
- plasma membrane
- cilia and flagella
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
-E.R.
-Golgi Body
-Lysosomes
-Mitochondria
-Cytoskeleton

Cilia

- short and numerous; used for movement in cells

nucleus

-membrane bound location of the genetic material

E.R.

- extension of nuclear membrane

Smooth E.R.

______ E.R.
no ribosomes attached; makes lipids and carbs; builds tolerance

rough E.R.

______ E.R.
-ribosomes attached; make proteins that will have the cell'; makes antibodies

Golgi Body

-flattened sacs that will package, modify, and secrete material going in and out of cell

Mitochondria

-double membrane organelle
-Provides energy for the cell
-Powerhouse of the cell

Cytoskeleton

-protein filaments that provide internal structure and support

Plant cells only

Only ______ cells have:
-cell wall
-chloroplasts
-central vacuole

chloroplast

-double membrane organelle
-location of photosynthesis

central vacuole

-take up 50-90% of internal space
-stores waters, toxins, minerals, and pigments

energy

the capacity/ability to wrk or to cause a change

2nd law of thermo

as energy changes forms the amount of useable energy decreases and heat increases

Passive transport

movement of material in/out cell without the use of energy (ATP)

Active transport

movement of material in/out cell with the use of energy (ATP); movement of material from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Endocytosis

net movement of material from the outside to the inside of the cell

Phagocytosis

movement of large material to the inside of the cell

Receptor-mediated

movement of specific material to the inside of the cell