APUSH 9-10 Simple IDs

Simple IDs + Matching

Protestant Episcopal Church

New name for the Anglican Church after it was disestablished and de-Anglicized in Virginia and elsewhere

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate civic virtue in their children

Constitutional Convention

A type of special assembly, originally developed in Massachusetts, for drawing up a fundamental law that would be superior to ordinary law

Articles of Confederation

The first constitutional government of the United States

Old Northwest

The territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River that came to be governed by the Confederation’s acts of 1785 and 1787

Township

In the new Northwest territories, six-mile by six-mile square areas consisting of thirty-six sections, one of which was set aside for public schools

Territory

The status of a western area under the Northwest Ordinance after it established an organized government but before it became a state

Shays’ Rebellion

A failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of mobocracy

Virginia Plan

The large-state plan proposed to the Constitutional Convention by which representation both houses of the federal legislature would be based on population

New Jersey Plan

The small-state plan proposed to the Constitutional Convention by which every state would have completely equal representation in a unicameral legislature

Three-Fifths Compromise

The Constitutional compromise between North and South that resulted in each slave being counted as 60 percent of a free person for purposes of representation in Congress

Anti-Federalists

The opponents of the Constitution who argued against creating such a strong central government

The Federalist

A masterly series of pro-Constitution articles printed in New York by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton

President

The official under the new Constitution who would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appoint judges and other officials, and have the power to veto legislation

Bill of Rights

A list of guarantees that federalists promised to add to the Constitution in order to win ratification

Society of the Cincinnati

An exclusive order of military officers that aroused strong democratic opposition

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Legislation passed by an alliance of Jefferson and the Baptists that disestablished the Anglican church

Articles of Confederation

Original American governmental charter of 1781 that was put out of business by the Constitution

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states

Benjamin Franklin

Revered elder statesman whose prestige in the Constitutional Convention helped facilitate the Great Compromise

Daniel Shays

Revolutionary War veteran who led poor farmers in a revolt that failed but had far-reaching consequences

George Washington

Unanimously elected chairman of the secret convention of demi-gods

James Madison

Father of the Constitution and author of Federalist No. 10

Federalists

Wealthy conservatives devoted to republicanism who engineered a nonviolent political transformation

Anti-Federalists

Group that failed to block the central government they feared but did force the promise of a bill of rights

Patrick Henry

Virginia anti-federalist leader who thought the Constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality

Alexander Hamilton

Young New Yorker who argued eloquently for the Constitution even though he favored an even stronger central government

John Jay

Frustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of The Federalist

Samuel Adams

Leading Massachusetts radical during the American Revolution who led the opposition to the Constitution in his state in 1787

The Federalist

Brilliant book of essays by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay that helped sway critical support for the Constitution in New York

Cabinet

The body of advisers to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protected individual liberties

Secretary of Treasury

The cabinet office in Washington’s administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people

Funding at Par

Alexander Hamilton’s policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit

Assumption

Hamilton’s policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states

Bank of the United States

Federally chartered financial institution set up by Alexander Hamilton and vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson

Political Parties

Political organizations, not envisioned in the Constitution, and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founders

French Revolution

Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792

Neutrality Proclamation

Declaration by President Washington in 1793 that announced America’s policy with respect to the French Revolutionary wars between Britain and France

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty following Miami Indians’ defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers that ceded Ohio to the United States but gave Indians limited sovereignty

Jay’s Treaty

International agreement, signed in 1794, whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans

XYZ Affair

Scandal in which three French secret agents attempted to bribe U.S. diplomats, outraging the American public and causing the undeclared war with France

Sedition Act

Law passed by Federalists during the undeclared French war that made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame government officials, including the president

Convention of 1800

The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French-American alliance

Nullification

The doctrine, proclaimed in the Thomas Jefferson’s Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional

John Adams

The second president of the United States, whose Federalist enemies and political weaknesses undermined his administration

Alexander Hamilton

Brilliant administrator and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his character and his beliefs concerning popular government

Thomas Jefferson

Washington’s secretary of state and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton’s policies

James Madison

Skillful politician-scholar who drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the First Congress

Supreme Court

Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay

Funding and assumption

Hamilton’s aggressive financial policies of paying off all federal bonds and taking on all state debts

Bank of the United States

Institution established by Hamilton to create a stable currency and bitterly opposed by states’ rights advocates

Whiskey Rebellion

A protest by poor western farmers that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton’s army

Federalists

Political party that believed in a strong government run by the wealthy, government aid to business, and a pro-British foreign policy

Republicans

Political party that believed in the common people, no government aid for business, and a pro-French foreign policy

XYZ

Secret code names for three French agents who attempted to extract bribes from American diplomats in 1797

Battle of Fallen Timbers

General Anthony Wayne’s victory over the Miami Indians that brought Ohio territory under American control

Alien and Sedition Acts

Harsh and probably unconstitutional laws aimed at radical immigrants and Jeffersonian writers

Bill of Rights

Ten constitutional amendments designed to protect American liberties

Washington’s Farewell Address

Message telling America that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements—a reflection of the foreign policy of its author