Biology semester exam

A cell spend the majority of its life in

interphase

the purpose of cell division is to create

new somatic (body cells)

in which phase do spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

prophase

what specifically divides during mitosis

nucleus

in which phase does the cell copy its DNA

Interphase

which stage of interphase is DNA replicated

synthesis

what is mitosis

created daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

when does the cytoplasm divide into two cells and complete the cell cycle

cytokinesis

which two things happen during interphase of the cell cycle

DNA/chromosome replications and growth

in what phase do the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

metaphase

how many cells are present at the beginning of mitosis

1

how many cells are present at the end of mitosis

2

threadlike structure in the nucleus of most organisms that contains genetic information in the form of genes

chromosome

each individual strand into which a replicated chromosome divides into

chromatid

cell cycle regulation allows the cells to

know when to divide, know when to duplicate chromosomes, and know when to enter another phase of the cell cycle

in which phase are the sister chromatids pulled apart

anaphase

cancer cells forma mass of cells known as a

tumor

mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

nucleus

control center of the cell; contains DNA

cytoplasm

fluid within the cells that holds the organells

cell wall

provides protection and support in plant cells

cell membrane

controls what can enter/leave the cell

ER

makes, packages, and transports poteins; makes lipids

central vacuole

stores water and ingested food and helps remove waste from plants cells

mitochondria

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and transforms them into a source of energy (ATP) for the cells to use

what is the name of the process that breaks down glucose into water and carbon dioxide

cellular respiration

ATP is one of the products of glycolysis, what are the other two

NADH and pyruvate

what step of cellular respiration generates the most ATP

electron transport chain

6CO2 + 6H2O + light —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis

Which of the following products best represent the final products of chemical reactions that take place inside the chloroplasts

sugars and oxygen

photosynthesis is a part of carious cycles that help move oxygen and carbon through the environment. What form of abiotic carbon do plants remove from the environment

carbon dioxide

which process takes place regardless of the presence of oxygen

glycolysis

which process of most efficient at generating ATP molecules

aerobic respiration

what compound do cells break down for energy in the process of cellular respiration

C6H12O6

What compound is the main product of photosynthesis

glucose

what compound is the waste product of photosynthesis

oxygen

what is an example of a pigment

chlorophyll

cells release large amounts of energy in the form of heat

not true

aerobic cellular respiration requires an adequate supply of

oxygen

which type of energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis

light to chemical

the potential energy of organic molecules is the most readily available to cells in the form of

ATP

the sum of all of the chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called

metabolism

cellular respiration takes place in the

mitochondria

fermentation of glucose by yeast produces

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

the production of yogurts and some cheeses are the result of

lactid acid fermentation

how many molecules of ATP are generated at the end of aerobic cellular respiration

36

all living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration

true

carbon dioxide is converted into carbohydrates during the

Calvin cycle

what two compounds are the waste products of cellular respiration

H20 AND C02

what compound do plants take out of the air for photosynthesis

carbon dioxide

what is the green pigment that plants need for photosynthesis

chlorophyll

stacks of thylakoids are called

grana

where is the energy found in ATP molecules

phosphate bonds

organisms that make their own food

autotrophs

site of photosynthesis

chloroplasts

process occurs in a mitochondrion

cell respiration

C6H12O6

glucose

process does not require oxygen

anaerobic

requires sunlight as an energy source

photosynthesis

energy storing molecule of the cell

ATP

the anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvate

glycolysis

organisms that do not make their own food

heterotrophs

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6H2O —> 36 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O

centrioles

organizes the cytoskeleton into a specific shape during cell division

ribosome

site of RNA and proteins synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

processes and transports waste and other materials out of the cell

cytoskeleton

protects the cell and helps the cell maintain its shape; found in both plant and animal cells

lysosomes

digestion of food particles, old organelles, and foreign objects

the life forms that exhibit the simplest cellular structure are

prokaryotes

what cell has no true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

one structure not found in plant cells

centrioles and lysosomes

why is the cell membrane considered a barrier

it only lets some materials cross while keeping others out

why is the structure of the cell membrane considered a phospholipid bilayer

it is composed of 2 layers of phospholipids

describe the 2 components of the lipid bilayer and how they are arranged

hydrophilic heads facing interior and exterior of the cell; hydrophobic tails lining the inside of the membrane

what happens in diffusion

particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

when does diffusion stop

when there is equal concentration of particles on both sides of the membrane

what is specifically transported in osmosis

water

how does facilitated diffusion work

particles move from high concentration to low concentration with the help of a protein channel

when would the process of osmosis be finished

when there is an equal amount of water on both sides of the membrane

how would you best describe a membrane pump

a protein molecule in the cell membrane that transports molecules across the membrane, using energy

how does endocytosis work

the cell membrane surrounds a molecule to form a vesicle, which is transported into the cell, where its contents are released

how does exocytosis work

a vesicle forms around a molecule, transports it to the cell membrane, fuses to the membrane, then releases the contents to the outside of the cell

how would you best describe pinocytosis

when the cell membrane surrounds fluid outside of the cells and brings it into the cell

how would you best describe phagocytosis

when our cell membrane surrounds larger particles, such as food, and brings them into the cell

membrane pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis

active transport

facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, osmosis

passive transport

what are the major principals of cell theory

cells are the most basic unit of life, all cells that currently exist have originated from pre-existing cells, all living things are made from cells

Total number of chromosomes present in the human cell before meiosis

46

how is meiosis different in males and females

males produce 4 viable sperm cells and females produce 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Diploid/2n

46 chromosomes. Normal somatic cell

homologous pairs

matching chromosomes

gametes

sex cells- eggs, sperm

haploid/n

23 chromosomes

homologues pairs come together to form a tetrad

prophase 1

crossing over

sister chromatids share bits and pieces of genetics

tetrads align in equator of cell

metaphase 1

homologous pairs are pulled apart. centromeres and sister chromatids are still intact

anaphase 1

two cells are formed, each with 23 chromosomes. Each chromosome is still composed of two sister chromatids. The cells at the end of meiosis 1 are haploid

telophase 1

continues without further replication of DNA

meiosis 2