Biology- Cells

Prokaryote cells

Prokaryote cells

Do not have a nucleus or membrane bound DNA. Do have a cell wall

Eukaryote cell

Larger and more complex. Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Plants, animals, fungi

Cell membrane

Also called the plasma membrane. separated the internal chemical reactions of the cell from the externa environment. Made mostly of lipids and proteins

What is the main function of the nucleus?

Contains nearly all of the cell's DNA

What is nucleoplasm?

The substance filling the nucleus

Nucleolus

Manufactures the subunits that make up ribosomes. The subunits then pass through the pores of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes

Ribosomes

Found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER. Most numerous organelle. Composed of protein and RNA. Site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Rectum

the internal membrane system of a cell. Functions as an intercellular highway the provides a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another

Rough ER

covered in ribosomes. Involved in the process of making protein. Newly made protein are inserted into spaces of the ER were they are modified and shaped

Smooth ER

Makes lipids (fat)

Golgi Apparatus

Proteins produced in the ER are transported here. This will modify

Vesicles

small organelles used to transport. Classified by what they are transporting

What is the main function of peroxisomes?

Break down alcohols

How do cells neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide produced by peroxisomes?

Cells convert hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

What role do peroxisomes play in cellular energy production?

Break down fatty acids that can be used by mitochondria as an energy source

Vacuole in an animal cell

storage area inside a cell.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Cellular respiration - converting glucose or sugar molecules into energy for the cell

What are the folds on the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

Cristae

Do mitochondria have their own DNA?

Yes

Do mitochondria carry out their own replication?

Yes

Cytoskeleton

Internal framework and support system. Helps cell maintain its shape

Microfilaments

solid, threadlike, protein structures. They bear mechanical stress, help the cell to move, and are involved in muscle contraction

Microtubes

Maintaining cell shape, The separation of chromosomes during cell division, the formation of cilia and flagella

Centrioles

Organize the microtubes during cell division to form a framework for separating chromosomes. Never found in plant cells

Cell Wall

Only found in plant cells. gives support and structure

What is the main function of the central vacuole?

To serve as a storage area in plant cells

What does the central vacuole create when filled with water?

Turgor pressure to provide strength and support to the cell

Where is the central vacuole found?

In mature plant cells only. Not in animal cells

Plastids

Have their own DNA. Not found in animal cells

Chloroplasts

The site of photosynthesis in autotropic cells. Absorbs the energy from the cell and converts it to the chemical energy stored in molecules of glucose or sugar. Inside are large stacks of other membranes called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll. Stroma- Dense solution that surrounds the thylakoid

Chromoplasts

Give fruits and flowers their color

Leucoplasts/Amyloplasts

Store starch in plant cells