IB BIOLOGY Topic 9: Plant Biology

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36 Terms

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Xylem

The tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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Transpiration

The process by which water evaporates from the leaves of a plant, creating a pull that helps transport water and minerals through the xylem.

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Vessel Elements/Members

Dead hollow cells in the xylem that transport water and solutes, with perforated end walls allowing for easy passage of water between cells.

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Tracheids

Dead conducting cells in the xylem that are smaller in diameter than vessel elements, with tapered ends and pits for side-to-side conduction.

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Fibers

Long, slender cells in the xylem that provide mechanical support and strength to the plant.

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Parenchyma

Thin-walled living cells in the xylem that play a role in storage, metabolism, tissue repair, and regeneration.

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Phloem

The tissue in plants responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Sieve Tube Elements/Members

Specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem that lack a nucleus and many other cellular components, connected by sieve plates and under positive pressure.

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Companion Cells

Cells adjacent to sieve tube elements in the phloem that help coordinate their function and support their metabolic processes.

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Seeds

Reproductive structures produced by plants, containing an embryo, seed coat, and endosperm, which can remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination.

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Dormancy

A period of growth inactivity in seeds, during which they remain viable but do not germinate. Different species have different requirements to break dormancy.

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Germination

The process of initiating embryonic growth in a seed, resulting in the emergence of shoot and root structures.

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Meristems

Regions of actively dividing cells in plants that contribute to primary growth and the initiation of new organs or branches.

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Apical Meristem

Meristems located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth and the development of new tissues.

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Intercalary Meristem

Meristems that occur between mature tissues, often at the bases of grass leaf blades, contributing to leaf elongation.

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Lateral Meristem

Meristems responsible for secondary growth, increasing the width or girth of plant structures.

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Reproduction

The process by which plants propagate and ensure the survival of their species. It includes both sexual and asexual mechanisms, such as vegetative reproduction.

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Asexual Reproduction

The ability of plants to produce new individuals from vegetative parts such as stems, leaves, or roots without the involvement of gametes.

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Succulent Plants

Plants, like cacti, that have the ability to reproduce asexually by growing a new plant from a detached segment of their stem.

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Runners

Horizontal stems sent out by plants like strawberries that can develop into new plants by establishing roots and growing independently.

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Rhizomes

Horizontal underground stems with short internodes that are thickened for storage.

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Stolons

Horizontal stems, either aboveground or underground, with longer internodes and smaller diameter that can produce asexual plantlets.

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Tubers

Modified part of a stolon that is used for storage, such as potatoes.

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Sexual Reproduction

The process of plant reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes.

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Flower Anatomy

Complex structures in sexually reproducing plants that contain both male and female reproductive organs.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, which can occur through various mechanisms such as wind, insects, birds, or other animals.

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Double Fertilization

A unique reproductive feature in flowering plants where one sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form an embryo, while another sperm cell combines with polar nuclei to create endosperm.

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Seed Formation

The development of a seed from the fertilized ovule, which contains the embryo, endosperm, and a protective seed coat.

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Fruit Development

The maturation of the ovary into a fruit, which protects and aids in the dispersal of seeds.

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Germination

The process by which a seed begins to grow and develop into a new plant.

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Imbibition

The uptake of water through the seed coat, initiating metabolic processes within the seed.

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Emergence of the Radicle

The first structure to emerge from the seed, the embryonic root, which anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.

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Shoot Growth

The emergence of the plumule, containing the embryonic shoot, which develops into the stem and leaves of the new plant.

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Temperature and Light

Environmental factors that can influence germination, as some seeds require specific temperature or light conditions to trigger germination.

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Seed Dormancy

A period of growth inactivity in certain seeds that allows them to survive adverse conditions, which can be broken by scarification, exposure to smoke compounds, or temperature fluctuations.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers like gibberellins that regulate seed germination by stimulating embryo growth and mobilizing stored energy reserves in the endosperm.