abnormal psy midterm 3 ive finally lost it

Anorexia Checklist

* Taking on too little nourishment, resulting in below average body weight for people of similar age and gender
* Fearful of gaining weight
* Distorted body perception

Restricting type anorexia

At least half of cases are this type. Individuals lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually cutting out most food. Show almost no variability in diet.

Binge-eating/purging type anorexia

Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics. May engage in eating binges.

Demographics of anorexia and bulimia: 75%-90% occur in ____ peak onset between the ages of

females; 14-20 years

Progression of anorexia

Escalation may follow a stressful event

In anorexia, the key goal is becoming thin but the driving motivation is

fear

Medical issues associated with anorexia nervosa

* Amenorrhea
* Low body temperature, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone mineral density, slow heart rate
* Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances
* Skin, nail, and hair problems

Bulimia Checklist

* Repeated binge eating episodes
* Repeated performance of compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
* Symptoms at least weekly for 3 months
* Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself

Binges

Episodes of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food

* Usually preceded by great tension, which is relieved by eating, then followed by extreme self-blame, shame, guilt, depression, and weight gain fear.

Compensatory behaviors for bulimia

* Vomiting
* It fails to prevent the absorption of half of the calories consumed during a binge and leads to more hunger.
* Laxative or diuretics use

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The difference between bulimia and anorexia

In bulimia, the weight stays within a normal range. They are more prone to mood swings and impulsivity, dental problems, and pleasing others as a concern.

Binge eating disorder

Similar to bulimia, however, there is no purging. Individuals will go on recurrent binge eating episodes.

Binge eating disorder Checklist

* Unusually fast eating
* Absence of hunger
* Uncomfortable fullness
* Secret eating due to a sense of shame
* Subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt

Around ___ of people with binge-eating disorder are overweight or obese

half

Demographics of binge eating disorder: Found in ___ of the population and at least 64% are

2-4%; female

Partial cases of eating disorders

Some, but not all diagnostic criteria is met

Atypical anorexia nervosa

All criteria for anorexia except that weight is within/above normal range

Psychodynamic perspective of eating disorders

Stemmed from an ego deficiency wherein ineffective parents who fail to attend to their child’s needs early on cause the child to become confused adults who are unaware of their internal needs.

* To overcome feelings of helplessness, children seek excessive control over their body size and shape and over their eating habits.

People with eating disorders are often described by clinicians as

Alexthymic; having great difficulty putting descriptive labels on their feelings

Cognitive-behaviorial factors for eating disorders

Little control in one’s life may result in excess control of body size. Core cognitive distortion causes people with anorexia and bulimia to judge themselves often exclusively based on weight and ability to control them.

Causes of eating disorders

Depression sets the stage for eating disorders. Could be cause, result, or comorbility.

Biological perspective of eating disorders

The hypothalamus is considered and the weight set point may play a role in eating disorders as it affects weight gain, metabolism, and hunger.

Weight set point is set by

Genetic inheritance and early eating practices

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Produces hunger. When weight is below set point, this part of the hypothalamus is activated and hunger is produced so the metabolic rate is lowered. It makes it difficult to lose weight, but easier to gain weight no matter how much is eaten.

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Reduces hunger. When weight is above set point, this part of the hypothalamus is activated and hunger is lowered while metabolic rate is raised.

Societal perspective of eating disorders

Eating disorders are more common in Western countries likely due to Western beauty standards. Socially accepted prejudice against overweight people and social media have also acted as contributing factors.

Family environment factors on eating disorders

Abnormal interactions and forms of communication such as overinvolvement, overconcern, or families where there is a history of emphasis on appearances, thinness, or dieting act as factors.

Multicultural factors for eating disorders

Males only account for 10% of all cases of eating disorders. Men are more likely to use exercise to lose weight, whereas women often diet. However, reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphia is often found in men.

Goals of eating disorder treatment

* Correct dangerous eating patterns
* Address broader, psychological and situational factors that have led to, and are maintaining, the eating problem

Restoring weight and normal eating methods is used often for short-term treatment

* Nutritional rehabilitation: Used to help return to health within weeks
* In life-threatening situations; intravenous feedings
* Motivational interviewing so the patient recognizes there is an issue in their eating habits
* Behavioral weight-restoration approaches

CBT for eating disorder

Behavioral side: Clients are required are required to monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food take, along with the ties among those variables

Cognitive side: Clients are taught to identify the deep-seated belief that they should be judged by their weight

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Often used in anorexia and tends to be more effective comparatively.

Family therapy

Important for anorexia treatment, the main issues are often separation and boundaries

Behavioral techniques for bulimia

Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapists require them to eat particular kinds and amounts of food and then prevent them from purging.

Cognitive techniques for bulimia

Helps clients recognize and change maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape.

Checklist for substance use and addictive disorders

Individual displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress, at least 2 symptoms within a 1-year period.

* Substance is taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended
* Unsuccessful effort or persistent desire to reduce or control substance use
* Much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the effects
* Failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home because of substance use

___ of all people with substance use disorders receive treatment from a mental health professional.

18%

Tolerance

Need for increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect

Withdrawal

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when the person suddenly stops taking or cuts back on the substance

Depressants

Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

Most widely used depressants

* Alcohol
* Sedative-hypnotic drugs
* Opioids

All alcoholic beverages contain

Ethyl alcohol

How does alcohol inhibit a person?

Ethyl alcohol binds to neurons that receive GABA and depresses areas of the brain that control judgement and inhibition. More alcohol absorption causes additional areas of the CNS to be shut down.

What neurotransmitter does alcohol work on

GABA (inhibitory messenger)

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Intellectual disability disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth that are caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drugs

Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness, includes barbiturates and benzodiazepines

High dose of sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drugs

Sleep inducers or hypnotics

Low dose of sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drugs

Calming or sedative effect

Barbiturates

Widely prescribed in the first half of the twentieth century, they enhance GABA activity.

Benzodiazepines (Zanax, Valium)

Safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions. They increase GABA activity and bind to GABA receptors.

Opioids

Causes CNS depression, particular centers to help control emotion. They attach to endorphin-related brain receptors, and help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension

Examples of opioids

* Opium
* Heroin
* Morphine
* Codeine

Dangers of opioid use

Closes down the respiratory centers in the brain and getting impure drugs ad infection from dirty needles and other equipment.

Naloxone (Narcan)

Used for the treatment of a known or suspected opioid overdose emergency with signs of breathing problems and severe sleepiness or not being able to respond

Stimulants

Causes increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and alrtness

Most common stimulants

* Cocaine
* Amphetamines
* Caffeine

Cocaine

The most powerful known natural stimulant. Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels.

Amphetamines

Laboratory-manufactured stimulant drugs. Popular among people trying to lose weight; athletes seeking an extra burst of energy; soldiers, truck drivers, and pilots trying to stay awake. Increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin release.

Methamphetamine (Ice, crystal meth)

Recent surge in its popularity and often made in stovetop labs. Can be smoked, snorted, injected or orally ingested. Many cause neurotoxicity.

Caffeine

Consumed daily by 90% of the world population. Absorbed by the body and serves as a CNS stimulant, triggering the release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Hallucinogens

Produce powerful changes primarily in sensory perception L

LSD

Increased and altered sensory perception, psychological changes and physical symptoms. Produces effects by binding to serotonin receptors. Withdrawal and tolerance for this drug is rare.

Cannabis

Produced from varieties of hemp plants. Potency varies but when smoked, produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Active ingredient in cannabis, more of it leads to more psychological effects.

More than ___ million people over the age of 11 (8.3% of the population) smoke marijuana at least monthly

22

Polysubstance use

When people take more than one drug at a time

Synergistic effect

More than one substance acting on the body at the same time Si

Similar actions

Wherein the combination of substances increases the effects of the substance (combining depressants = extreme intoxication)

Antagonistic actions

Stimulants interfere with normal function (Stimulants interfere with liver’s metabolism of alcohol)

Cognitive-behavioral views on substance use disorders

Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs which might lead to trying higher dosages. Produces the expectancy that substances will be rewarding, motivating people to increase drug use at times of tension.

Biological perspective of substance usedisorder

Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitters, and brain circuits. The abnormal form of dopamine-2 receptor gene increases the likeliness of substance abuse disorder developing or biological parents having alcohol abuse show higher rates of alcoholism.

CBT treatment for substance use

Aversion therapy, contingency management, relapse-prevention training, and acceptance and commitment therapy

Aversion therapy

Based on classical conditioning. Clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimulus at the very moment hey are taking a drug.

Contingency management

Offers clients incentives that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens

Relapse-Prevention training

Clients gain control over their substance-related behaviors and are taught to recognize and plan ahead for high risk situations and to learn from mistakes and relapses

Acceptance and commitment therapy

Mindfulness based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such things as mere thoughts of the mind

Detoxification

Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug. May also include gradual withdrawal or may give clients other drugs that reduce the symptoms of withdrawal.

Antagonistic drugs for substance abuse treatment

Blocks or changes the effects of an addictive drug. Disulfiram causes people who drink alcohol while taking it to experience adverse effects

Buprenorphine

Less potent substitute drug than methadone and produces less tolerance fewer withdrawal reactions

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

Psychosis

State in which a person loses contact with reality but most commonly appears in the form of schizophrenia.

Gender distribution for schizophrenia

Equal distribution among men and women. However, average age of onset is higher in women at 28 years.

Checklist for schizophrenia

For one month, the individual displays at least 2 of the following

* Delusions
* Hallucinations
* Disorganized speech
* Very abnormal motor activity
* Negative symptoms

At least one symptom must be delusions

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Additions to behavior. It may cause excesses of or additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

Delusions

Ideas that are believed wholeheartedly but have no basis in fact

Delusions of persecution

Believe that they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized. Most common in schizophrenia

Delusions of reference

Attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events

Delusions of grandeur

Believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons

Delusions of control

Believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people

Positive symptom: Loose associations or derailment

Rapid shift from one topic to another N

Positive symptom: Neologisms

Made-up words

Positive symptom: Preservation

Repeat words/statement again and again

Positive symptom: Clang

Use rhymes to express themselves

Most common form of hallucination in schizophrenia

Auditory

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Characteristics that are lacking such as poverty of speech , loss of volition, and social withdrawal

3 phases of schizophrenia

* Prodromal
* Active
* Residual

Prodromal phase

Beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms.

(Ex: Social isolation, unusual thoughts, problems with communication and perception, less emotion)

Active phase

Symptoms become apparent

Residual phase

Return to prodromal-like levels and may retain some negative symptoms

Fuller recovery is more likely in people with schizophrenia if

They have a good premorbid functioning, later onset, or early treatment

Type I Schizophrenia

80-85% of cases it is dominated by positive symptoms. Seen as better adjusted prior to disorder, have later onset of symptoms, and morel likely to show improvement.