psych exam (copy)

describe

 gather information about the behavior being studied(observe- what is happening).

explain

use facts to interpret why people behave the way they do- explanation as hypothesis- educated guess- turn into more complex theories.

Predict

using accumulated knowledge, psychologists can predict what people will do in future situations- past events.

influence

influence behavior in helpful ways- psychologists do research to find ways to be helpful. Some psychologists use applied science to help resolve problems- therapists. 

correlation and Coefficient Graphs

**numbers between 0 and + or - 1 that represent the relationship between variables. If variables are related? 0-1 tells us how strong the relationship is. Can not tell us causation. Closer to 1 the stronger the relationship. Positive or negative- direction of the graph.**  0.1 shows how strong a relationship is. + or - tells you the direction of the graph. Spread apart is 0.5 or less and closer together is 0.5 or above. 

structrualism

founder wilhelm wundt, scientific methods used to study parts of the brain. Used introspection which helped measure consciousness and thought process.

functionalism

william James- Looked at how the mind works/ function, learning and other parts of the human mind could only exist because they help us survive as a species, and looked at more practical issues.

psychodynamic Perspective

  Sigmund Frued- 

school of thought where patients unconscious thoughts are seen as the main motivation for behavior. 3 levels of consciousness- Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Freudian Slips- slips of the tongue that reveal unconscious feelings and desires. Dream Analysis- desires shown in dreams. Psychological Problems- too many build up and lead to mental illness

behaviorism

founders- BF Skinner and J.B. Watson- def- focuses on observable behavior only measuring what we see. Everything in Life is a learned behavior. Reinforcement- if behavior is rewarded, it would continue. Punishments- if someone is punished for a behavior, the behavior will stop.

humanistic perspective

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers- def- believes everyone has freedom in directing their future and achieving personal growth- everyone is born with a drive to strive for superiority. Self actualization- main motive for behavior. 

cognitive perspective

 through studying a person’s cognition psychologists can understand a person’s behavior. Cognition- how a person thinks. Behavior and emotions caused by the way we think about things. Self Talk- the conversations you have with yourself in your head. False perceptions- problems. 

biological perspective

 looks at the physical aspects of the brian and its impact on behavior. This seeks to understand how genetics and chemical reactions affect behavior. 

sociocultural perspective

 looks at a person's culture, ethnic, identity, gender, and other sociocultural factors to explain behavior. Based on personality, beliefs and skills that are learned from others. Culture patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values shared by a group of people. Ethnic Identity- a person's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group.  Gender Identity- a person's relationship to masculinity and femininity. 

independent varible

**the cause, what is being manipulated or changed by the researchers.**

dependent variable

**eeffect, variable is being measured by the researchers and it varies depending on what happens in the experiment.** 

Experimental ethics

**the correct rules of conduct necessary for carrying out research, psychologists have a moral obligation to protect research participants from harm.** 

informed Consent

**psychologists have to explain the study to participants so they know what they are agreeing to and must get written consent.**

debrief

**should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist and should be told if they have been deceived and given the reason why**

protection of Participants

**researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not be caused distress and be protected from mental and physical harm**

deception

**participants are mislead or wrongly informed about the aims of the research**

confidentiality

**participants must be kept anonymous unless they give their full names and should be used in a lab**

withdrawl

**participants should be able to leave a study at any time if they feel uncomfortable.** 

descriptive studies

**describes behaviors and can't describe causation**

case studies

**a detailed study of one individual or group in great detail- try to learn everything they can about the individual or group.**

observational study

**researchers observe a group’s behavior without interacting with the subjects to try to describe behavior.**

correlational studies

 **measure the relationship between two variables- positive and negative correlations.**

surveys

**use interviews and questionnaires to gather information about attitudes, experiences or opinions.**  

id

**biological drives and demands for immediate gratification and operates on the pleasure principle.**

ego

**rational, thoughtful, decision making aspects of personality**

superego

**represents morality and authority**

defense mechanisms

**methods used by ego to unconsciously protect itself against anxiety caused by conflict between id’s demands and superego’s constraints.**

repression

**we avoid painful thoughts by forcing them into the back of our mind**

regression

**we retreat to behaving or thinking like a child in order to avoid adult issues.**

displacement

**we vent anger against non-threatening people and objects**

projection

 **we ascribe our own unacceptable feeling or behaviors to other people.**

rationalization

**we try to create logical explanations of our behavior in order to justify it.**

denial

**we refuse to perceive reality in order to protect ourselves from it**

sublimation

**we expend energy on prosocial activities in order to avoid undesirable activities**

reaction formation

**we express feelings that are opposite to desirable ones we really feel.**

trust vs. mistrust

 infants require dependable care and comforting- baby feels that they receive dependable care and that they can trust the world around them, they will have success in this stage.

**Autonomy vs. Doubt**

child attempts to master physical skills- crawling, walking, running and talking.

initiative vs. Guilt

 children need to be assertive in exploration and play- if adults criticize children for their curiosity may lead to feelings of guilt for being a nuisance.

industry vs. Inferiority

 industry- developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. Inferiority- pessimism and lack of confidence in ability to do well. Children compare themselves to others to develop a sense of achievement.

Indentity vs. Role Confusion

teens must try to achieve a sense of identity- figure out the role you would like to occupy as an adult.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

major conflict in this stage of life is forming loving, intimate relationships with other people. 

trait theory

a tendency to respond in a certain way in many different kinds of situations. 

Gordon Allport

defined common traits- applied to everyone- and individual traits- those that apply more to a specific person. 

cardinal traits

characteristics that are so pervasive that the person is almost identified with that trait. 

central trait

characteristics that make us predictable main central traits.

secondary traits

 characteristics that don’t have a great impact on us but that shows our preferences for different items like food and music. 

OCEAN theory

 five traits that appear repeatedly within an individual's life- each is rated on a continuum-

O- openness to experience

describes people who are open minded and willing to try new experiences.Resistance- not open to trying new things

**C-** conscientiousness

describes people who are hard working and organized- opp.  impulsive and gives up easily.

**E-** extraversion-

 social talkative- oop- introvert, self isolated and non social.

**A-** agreeableness-

kind/compassionate towards others,

**N-**neuroticism

being constantly angry or worried or complaining all the time- tend to look for the bad rather than the good.  Emotional Stability- identifies individuals who experience things relatively easily and without getting upset. 

social cognitive theory

**believes that observational learning, modeling, and thought processes lead to personality.**  

focus of social cogniive theory

\-emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectations for learning.  

studies of social cogniive theory

Bobo Doll experiment- believed that people mostly learn through imitating role models. Julian Rotter- cognitive process when developing personality- personality was a set of potential responses to situations. 

Internal locus of Control

 assume their actions directly impact their consequence.

locus of control

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.

external locus of control

believe their actions directly impact their consequences.

focus of humanistic theory

 all striving for self actualization. **-Self Concept -** how we perceive our behaviors, abilities and unique characteristics. **Self Image-** how you perceive yourself. **Self- esteem-** how much value you place on yourself. **Ideal Self-** how you wish you were really like? **Real self-** one’s actual perception of your traits and abilities. **Ideal Self-** who you want to be . 

steps of action potential

Starts to form the dendrites and goes to the synapse of the next neuron. 

Cell body

contains the nuclues and produces energy needed to fire messages

axon

long fiber that carries the message aay from the cell body toward the dendrites of the next nueron

dendrites

short, thin fibers that recieve impulses from other nuerons and send them to the cell body.

myelin sheath

white fatty substances that insulates and porects the axons from some nuerons and it speeds up the transmission of messages

axon terminal

small fibers that branch out at the end of axon- positioned opposite the dendrite of another neuron

synapse

space between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of the next neuron

cerebellum

balance and walking

medulla

heartbeat and heart rate, from brain to spinal cord, and controls breathing. 

pons

sleep

hypothalamus

link between endocrine and brain maintains homeostasis (balance). 

thalamus

helps with understanding senses. Hearing and seeing

hippocampus

memory

amygdala

emotions

broca’s area

speech production and forming words.

wernicke’s area

comprehension of speech

limbic system

emotions, memory and senses- amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. 

cerebral cortex

 outer layer of the brain usually what we refer to when we talk about lobes of the brain.  

corpus callosum

**connects the left and right hemisphere.** 

dopamine

feel good, mood, and memory. 

serotonin

sleep, appetite, and mood 

endorphins

pain reduction

epinephrine

hypes you up(epipen), fight or flight

norepinephrine

calms you down

pituitary Gland

(brain)- control the Endocrine System, called the master gland, tells other glands what to produce and growth hormones.

thyroid Gland

produces thyroxine, regulates your metabolism(how fast your body burns through energy).

adrenal gland

**(stomach)-** adrenaline, epinephrine or norepinephrine. Hypes you up- handling stressful situations.

sex glands- gonads

produces progesterone, estrogen- ovaries and testosterone- testes. Everyone has estrogen and testosterone just at different levels. 

hormones

 slower to release, last longer, travels through the bloodstream.

neurotransmitters

faster to release, last shorter and travels through the neurons and the nervous system. 

Central nervous System

brain and spinal cord.

periphal NS

branches off CNS

somatic NS

voluntary movement

autonomic NS

automatic functions like heartbeat, breathing, blinking and digestion system.

sympatheic NS

hypes you up- raises your heartbeat and breathing

parasympathetic

calms you down

lobes of the brain

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.