Chapter 25

Sand Creek Massacre

A attack in where Colorado militia killed over 150 Native Americans, mostly women and children, at a peaceful camp.

Battle of Little Bighorn

battle where forces led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry under General Custer.

Dawes Severalty Act

A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments; surplus land was sold to non-Natives.

Battle of Wounded Knee

A massacre in where U.S. troops killed over 200 Lakota Sioux, marking the end of major Native American resistance.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian known for his 'Frontier Thesis,' which argued the American frontier shaped the nation's character and democracy.

Red Cloud

A Lakota Sioux chief who successfully resisted U.S. forces during Red Cloud's War and negotiated favorable treaty terms.

Sitting Bull

A Hunkpapa Lakota leader and spiritual figure who resisted U.S. policies and played a key role in the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Perce tribe, known for his resistance against forced relocation and his famous surrender speech, 'I will fight no more forever.'

Reservation System

A U.S. policy that confined Native American tribes to designated areas (reservations) to control and assimilate them.

John Wesley Powell

Explorer, geologist, and advocate for sustainable development in the West, emphasizing the importance of water management in arid regions.