Molar concentration (moles)

Concentration formula

Number of moles/ volume dm3

How to convert dm3 to cm3

Multiply by 1000

Number of moles of gas formula

Volume of gas (dm3) / 24dm3

Yield

The amount of product that a chemical reaction produces

Percentage yield formula

Amount of product produced/ maximum amount of product possible

What factors decrease yield

Reactions that are reversible

Some reactants that give alternative reactions

Product may be lost

Reactant may not be pure

Why do companies want high yields

Making produced more efficient

Use as little energy as possible

Reduce pollution

End point

When acid and alkali have fully reacted

Titration

Used to measure exact volumes of acid and alkali needed to neutralise each other

How to carry out titration

Measure a know volume of alkali into a conical flask using a volumetric pipette

Wash pipette with distilled water

Add a few drops of methyl orange

Wash the burette with some distilled water and some acid. Pour acid into burette

Keep releasing acid until colour change. Record volume of acid used

Repeat the experiment three times

Concordant results

Results that are close together