Ap English

Allusion

making a brief reference to something known ex: Shakespeare

Analogy

Explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of a clause or phrase to start a clause

Anaphora

repetition of a word or a or expression at the beginning of clauses

Antiphrasis

the ironic or humorous use of words in sences which mean the opposite

Argument

the combination of reasons, evidence, etc for the author to convince the reader of their position

Aristotelian appeals

methods to appeal an audience and convince them: ethos, logos, and pathos

Attitude 

the authors personal views or feelings about the subject at hand

Audience

who the author is directing the message towards

Compare and Contrast

discussing the similarities and differences between two things to persuade or show purpose

Concession

agreeing with the opposite view point on a certain smaller point 

Connotation

The implied meaning of a word; which can broadly have a positive, negative, or neutral connotation

Context

the extra textual environment in which the text it being delivered

Counter argument 

the arguments against the authors position 

Deductive reasoning

a form of logical reasoning where a general principle is applied to a specific case 

Denotation

the literal dictionary definition of a word

Diction

the style of language used; generally to be appropriate to the audience and the situation 

Dysphemism

the substitution of a negative or offensive term in place to an agreeable one 

Epistrophe

the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a sentence 

Ethos

setting up a source as credible or trust worthy

Evidence

the information presented meant to persuade the audience of the authors position 

Figurative language

the use of language in a non literary way: simile, metaphor 

Genre

the specific type of work being presented

Hypallage

the interchange of two elements in a phrase from a more logical to a less logical one 

Hyperbole

overstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect 

Imagery

any discriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language

Implication

when something is suggested without being concreetly stated 

Inductive reasoning

making a generalization based on specific evidence at hand

Irony

the most basic sense of saying the opposite of what you mean; also used in situations when the results are dramatically different than intended

juxtaposition

placing two very different things together for effect

Logos

appealing to someone’s sense of facts and logic

Occasion

The reason or moment for writing or speaking 

Organization 

how the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech 

Pathos 

appealing to someone’s emotions 

Paradox

a phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (the contradiction itself may have its own meaning)

Purpose

The authors persuasive intention

Repetition

re using a word or a phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis

Rhetoric

the use of spoken or written word to convey your ideas and convince an audience 

Rhetorical triangle

The relationship between the author, the audience, the message, and the context 

Speaker

the persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message, may or may not be the same person as the author 

Style

the authors own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to the voice 

Symbolism 

using a symbol to refer to an idea or concept 

Synthesis

combining sources or ideas in a coherent way for purpose of a larger point

Themes

overarching ideas or driving premises of a work

Tone

The use of stylistic devices to reveal an authors attitude towards a subject

Voice

an authors unique sound, Similar to style