Cell Signaling

Cell signaling quiz review

What do secondary messengers, like cAMP, do?

relay & amplify a message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

signal receptors

Second messengers tend to be water-soluble and small. This accounts for their ability to __________.

cross the nuclear membrane and interact with DNA

What is an example of cells communicating over short distances.

between neurotransmitters

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

phosphate

The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is __________.

ATP

all the molecules that are a second messenger

G protein + neurotransmitter

When this hormone binds to your muscle cell, it causes the muscle cell to break down glycogen into glucose, so that your muscles can use the glucose for the fight or flight response

adrenaline

What does a protein kinase do?

transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins

What is a G protein?

protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

signal receptors

What is an organic compound that is made by glands in the body (pituitary, thyroid, etc) that is used in long distance communication between cells?

Hormones

Signal transduction can stop a gene from being transcribed and translated into proteins for your traits (also known as a gene being expressed)

True

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

A signaling molecule is known as a

ligand

What can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

protein kinase

What is the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

Reception, Transduction, Amplification, Response

all the different cellular responses from a signaling pathway

gene expression, apoptosis, muscles breaking down more glycogen into glucose, cell division/growth

What ligand is released by nerve cells when they communicate with each other?

neurotransmitters

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

signal receptors

After a ligand binds, the intracellular domain of a receptor protein changes _____, initiating transduction of the signal.

shape

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

reception, transduction, response

Hormones are used in ____ signaling.

endocrine

What do second messengers do?

relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm

What is a G protein?

protein activated by GTP

How are kinases activated from their inactive state?

cAMP binds to them

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

ligand

What does a protein phosphatase do?

removes phosphates

When a signal molecules binds to this protein, it gets activated and then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane

G proteins

Ligands are signaling molecules that bind to receptors. Which of the following statements is true of ligands?

Ligands bond to receptor proteins and cause the protein to relay a message to intracellular proteins.

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

an enzyme cascade

A cell converting a chemical signal into a cellular response is known as __.

transduction

Which type of membrane protein would help intake a message from outside of the cell to inside of the cell?

Receptor Protein

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________.

they amplify the original signal manyfold.

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

size, polarity, ability to cross the membrane

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

a series of molecules that get phosphorylated

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

size, polarity, ability to cross the membrane -

What can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

protein kinase

Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?

hormone

When this hormone binds to your cell, it causes it to divide and make more cells

growth factor

Mutations in a receptor protein or chemical that interfere with a part of the signaling pathway do not affect the activity of the signaling pathway

False

True or False: Signaling cascades amplifies the signal

true