Biopsychology 151 - TEST 2

Layers of Embryonic Development

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Ectoderm

hormone regulation by the adenohypophysis, acting as a barrier against external involvement, and homeostasis

form linings of the gut, liver and lungs

Mesoderm

formation of a number of critical structures and organs

connective tissue, muscle and blood vessels

Endoderm

construct the linings of two tubes within the body

nervous system

Stages of Prenatal Development

Conception (No comments necessary)

Zygote (for about 12 hours)

Embryo (for 1st 8 weeks) \n Fetus (remainder of pregnancy)

Zygote

Lasts 12 hours

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

Embryo

For the 1st 8 weeks

Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants

Fetus

remainder of pregnancy

an offspring of a human or other mammal in the stages of prenatal development that follow the embryo stage (in humans taken as beginning eight weeks after conception)

Filopodia

continually extends out searching through extracellular fluid

cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and wound healing and serve as precursors for dendritic spines in neurons

may be sources of neurotransmitter release prior to the formation of obvious synapses

Chemo-Attraction

regulation of the precise location of leucocytes during the immune response and consequently is fundamental for the adequate functioning of leucocytes in the immune system

Neurotrophins

regulate development, maintenance, and function of vertebrate nervous systems

attract axon filopodia

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells

Nerve Growth Factor

important in the development and survival of nerve cells (neurons), especially those that transmit pain, temperature, and touch sensations (sensory neurons)

Effects of Experience of Brain Development

affects the formation of the connections (synapses) among neurons to establish pathways for the different hierarchies of brain function

dendric branching, covered eye patch

PKU

lack enzyme which breaks down phenylalanine

early diet low in phenylalanine is preventative

caused by a recessive gene

affects the formation of the connections (synapses) among neurons to establish pathways for the different hierarchies of brain function

Downs Syndrome

extra chromosome 21, trichromacy 21

altered facial features, decreased mental functioning, internal organ problems

individuals who live past 30, get alzhimers

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

smaller brain

deformed brain

group of conditions that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth

Organizational Effects of Hormones

early on, long lasting

cause the development of the nervous system and behavior to proceed along separate developmental pathways, such as masculine and feminine

Activational Effects of Hormones

short acting, born

Mullerian System

No hormones necessary, develops with out hormones (no SRV gene from Y chromosome

paired tubes that grow into female reproductive organs early in fetal development

Wolffian System

need hormonal stimulation to develop into male sexual organs (determined by SRY gene)

Anti- Mullerian Hormone (Mullerian inhibiting hormone) is what defeminized the body

SRY (Sex Determining Region of Y Chromosome)

provides instructions for making a protein called the sex-determining region Y protein

Androgens

Masculinizing effects

testosterone and others

“Experiences with Nature”

turner’s syndrome, adrenogenital syndrome, and androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Turner’s Syndrome

xo genetics, 1-chromosome, x - appear female - no internal sex organs

ablatio penis

John/Joan

an anonymous baby boy was turned into a girl by doctors at Johns Hopkins Hospital

Adrenogenital Syndrome

xx but produce too many androgens- masculinizes female genitalia

results from disorders of steroid hormone production in the adrenal glands leading to a deficiency of cortisol

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

testicular feminization

when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male hormones (called androgens)

Which hormone is critical for sexual reproduction in males?

testosterone, helps develop and maintain male sex characteristics and help make sperm in the testes

During the menstrual cycle of females which hormone causes ovulation and the \n ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum?

luteinizing hormone

increases intrafollicular proteolytic enzymes, weakening the wall of the ovary and allowing for the mature follicle to pass through. The surge also causes the luteinization of thecal and granulosa cells forming the Corpus Luteum, which is responsible for progesterone synthesis levels

What hormone is then released from the corpus luteum?

progesterone

prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation. It triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also prohibits the muscle contractions in the uterus that would cause the body to reject an egg

The vomeronasal organ

an accessory olfactory organ situated on the anteroinferior third of the nasal septum

detects pheromones

\n Which hypothalamic area acts to elicit sexual behavior in males and is larger in males?

Medial Amygdala

Define lordosis

signal they want sex

Correct order for phases of human sexual response

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Excitement

the body prepares for sexual activity by tensing muscles and increasing heart rate and blood pressure

Plateau

breathing becomes more rapid and the muscles continue to tense; the glans at the head of the penis swells and the testes enlarge in the male; in the female, the outer vagina contracts and the clitoris retracts

Orgasm

* Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
* Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen.
* Muscles in the feet spasm.
* There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
* In women, the muscles of the vagina contract.

Resolution

the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked in some by a general sense of well-being and, often, fatigue

Proposed morphological brain differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals

Transsexual (Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminals, BNST) smaller in transsexual males, smaller in size to females

Supra Chiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) - larger in homosexual men than hetero men and woman

Anterior Commissure - larger in homosexual men and hetero woman and smaller in hetero men

Third Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH3) - larger in heterosexual men, smaller in heterosexual woman and homosexual men

Areas of the brain responsible for sexual identity

same for morphological differences

Areas of the brain for temperature regulation

Hypothalamus, Preoptic Area

Sensory-specific satiety

describes the decline in pleasantness associated with a food as it is eaten relative to a food that has not been eaten (the 'eaten' and 'uneaten' foods, respectively). The prevailing view is that SSS is governed by habituation

Learned Taste Aversions

a learned association between the taste of a particular food and illness such that the food is considered to be the cause of the illness. As a result of the learned association, there is a hedonic shift from positive to negative in the preference for the food

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

a hormone produced in your small intestine

role in the digestive process.

When fats and proteins enter your small intestine, cholecystokinin triggers your gallbladder and pancreas to contract

Hunger

Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon

love glucose and insulin makes you feel hungry

lateral side controls hunger

What happens to hunger and eating as a result of damage to the lateral hypothalamus?

if damaged rats stop eating

What happens to hunger and eating as a result of damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Leads to overeating

stomach empties faster

picky eaters but eat more frequently

What happens when the PVN is inhibited by NPY?

it regulates weight

Leptin is related to-

Estrogen

Osomotic Thirst

hypertonicity

release of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone from pituitary

concentrates urine and increases blood pressure

loss of volume from the intracellular fluid stores

Osomotic Thirst vs Relationship

the OVLT is sensitive to osmotic pressure

Hypovolemic Thirst

low blood volume

sometimes gets specific cravings like salt

triggered when there is a loss of volume from the extracellular fluid stores

Hypovolemic Thirst and Relationship

detects through baroreceptors within the heart

can also detect through hormonal detection (Sub-Fornical organ)

Anorexia

OCD, depression, anxiety, cultural influences

restrictors and purgers

reduces meal size

Bulimia

high peptide YY, low CCK, decreased serotonin

excessive amount of food in a short period of time

Which neurotransmitter may be implicated in eating disorders?

Serotonin

What device is used to measure stages of sleep?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Stages of Sleep

wake, N1, N2, N3, and REM

Stages of Sleep and Their brain waves

Wake - Beta

Alpha - N1

Theta - N2

Delta - N3

PGO - (REM)

Brain waves

Beta, awake, medium size wave

Alpha, the brink of sleep,

Theta, deep sleep, dreaming

Delta, deepest level of sleep

PGO, (pons, geniculate, occipital)

Sleep Spindles

a pattern of brain waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep

Where do Sleep Spindles occur?

light NREM sleep and deep slow- wave sleep, stage 2

K-Complex

a brief, high-amplitude spike-and-rebound waveform recorded in the scalp electroencephalograph during sleep onset

When do K-Complexes Occur?

Stage 2

\n Characteristics of REM sleep

small, variable-speed brain waves, rapid eye movements, increased heart rate, and muscle paralysis

As amount of time wears on, what occurs to REM sleep?

Rapid Eye Movement

PGO Waves

Paradoxical Sleep

Atonia

REM Rebound

Dreaming

Theories of dreaming

Activation of Dreaming

Housekeeping Hypothesis

Off the line Hypothesis

Freud

Activation of Dreaming

dreams are just the brain's efforts to make sense out of meaningless patterns of firing in the brain as we sleep

Housekeeping Hypothesis

dreams are brief glimpses of the brain's sorting, scanning and searching through memories

Off line Hypothesis

dream consciousness is essentially an ancient biological defence mechanism, evolutionarily selected for its capacity to repeatedly simulate threatening events

Freud

that dreams are a byproduct of the dreamer's physical and mental state during sleep

Lucid Dreams

are when you know that you're dreaming while you're asleep

the dream feels vivid and real. You may even be able to control how the action unfolds

The different neurotransmitters used by the basal forebrain regarding sleep and activation

Cortical ACh

Nightmares

a disturbing dream associated with negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear that awakens you

Night Terrors

a sleep disorder in which a person quickly awakens from sleep in a terrified state

screaming

Cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle tone while a person is awake leads to weakness and a loss of voluntary muscle control

Narcolepsy

a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to control sleep-wake cycles

Different Types of Rhythms

Circadian, Infradian, Ultradian, Circannual

Circadian

24-hour cycles that are part of the body's internal clock

Infradian

are biological cycles that impact your physical and mental health for periods longer than 24 hours

Ultradian

has a shorter period and higher frequency than a circadian rhythm. The cycle is repeated throughout a 24-hour circadian day

Circannual

self-sustained endogenously driven biological oscillations that persist with a regular periodicity of about 12 months

When normal time-giving cues are absent, what happens to circadian rhythms?

they will persist when the organism is placed in an environment devoid of time cues, such as constant light or constant darkness

Seasonal Affective Disorder

a type of depression that's related to changes in season

lack of light

‘seasonal depression’

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

the central pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body

Entraining

Ganglion cells in the retina

Where is melatonin produced?

Pineal Gland