ch 11

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

DSM-V

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

medical model

view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

anxiety disorders

disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

phobia

abnormal fear

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

somatoform disorders

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

somatic symptom disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

depressive disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

major depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

manic phase

marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic, euphoric state

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

electroconvulsive therapy

a treatment in which low level electric current is passed through the brain

psychosurgery

surgical destruction of specific brain areas

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Psychotherapy

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

eclectic approach

method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of therapies

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Transference

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

client-centered therapy

developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard, focuses on growth

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counter conditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning

exposure therapy

therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Dorothea Dix

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients

Albert Ellis

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Mary Cover Jones

behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

Benjamin Rush

Father of American Psychiatry, was a founding father

Carl Rogers

Developed "client-centered" therapy

Joseph Wolpe

Used classical conditioning theory in psychotherapy and introduced Systematic Desensitatization and concepts of reciprocal inhibition which he applied to reduce anxiety. In treatment he paired relaxation with an anxiety -provoking stimulus until the stimulus no longer produced anxiety.

Phillipe Pinel

French physician who inspired the use of actives and occupations and moral treatment

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

abnormal psychology

the study of mental illness and psychiatric disorders

deviant

behavior that strays from what is normal

distress

just straying from the normal doesn't make a disorder, they must also be bothered by what they do or see it as problematic. sees the problem on the inside

Dysfunction

the abnormal behavior must also create problems in the persons life. sees the problem carried out in real life

deviant, distress, dysfunction

the 3 D's in defining abnormal

anxiety

a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.

symptoms of anxiety (must have 3/6)

restlessness, easily tired, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

symptoms of GAD

continual tense feeling, constant physical arousal, trouble sleeping/concentrating, "free floating" anxiety about everything. Co morbidity: depression

symptoms of panic disorder

feeling of sudden, helpless terror, inevitable doom often with physical symptoms. Usually happens close to a traumatic event. co morbidity: agoraphobia

public speaking

what is the \#1 phobia reported by adults?

agoraphobia

fear of being in public and open spaces

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of certain social situations, especially if they're unfamiliar situations, or they feel like they're being watched/judged

psychodynamic perspective on anxiety disorders

repressed urges and conflicts are threatening to surface

behavioral perspective on anxiety disorders

conditioning- fear is CC, then OC (person gets rewarded for their behavior), also stimulus generalization

observational learning

seeing other people in anxiety/fear, can lead to these feelings ourselves

Susan Mineka

studied phobias and snake fears (monkeys automatically afraid of snakes if they see another monkey afraid of one) but not for flowers

cognitive perspective on anxiety disorders

distorted patterns of thought, magnification, all or nothing, overgeneralization and minimization

magnification

making everything a bigger deal than it actually is

all or nothing

the thought that everything needs to be perfect or it's a total failure

Overgeneralization

1 negative event is interpreted as a never ending pattern of defeat

Minimization

no emphasis on success

biological perspective of anxiety disorders

our bodies may pre-dispose people to anxiety disorders (genes)

natural selection

we're most likely to fear certain things that threatened our ancestors

genes

identical twin studies demonstrate that they often develop similar phobias

brain (biological perspective and anxiety)

lower levels of serotonin, higher levels of other things

obsession

persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that invade consciousness

compulsion

repeatedly performing irrational actions

different types of OCD

hoarders, checkers, counters, cleaners

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupation with flaws and imperfections in one's own body

acute stress disorder

similar to PTSD, but with two differences- diagnosis only available in the first month after the traumatic incident, and greater emphasis on dissociative symptoms

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

patient is often young, normal sensations are interpreted as a frightening or fatal disease, excessive worry, move from doctor to doctor

malingering

faking it consciously

la belle indifference

a person is calm despite their physical state (conversion disorder)

psychodynamic perspective on somatoform disorders

anxiety over repressed events manifests itself into a physical symptom

behavioral perspective on somatoform disorders

positive reinforcement- attention negative reinforcement- avoidance of a stressful situation

dissociative amnesia

a separation or break in memory or sense of identity, breaking away from a sense of self

symptoms of dissociative amnesia

loss of episodic memory, no organic cause, no brain injury

Benjamin Kyle

famous guy who didn't remember anything, lost his identity with no trauma to the brain, made up his name since he couldn't remember it

dissociative amnesia with fugue

person suddenly travels away from their home, doesn't remember doing it, loses personal identity and sometimes takes on a new one. usually occurs after a stressful life event

fugue

"flight" or running away

David Fitzpatrick

a person who experienced a real fugue, doesn't remember anything. found himself or "woke up" outside of a hospital with no recollection of where he was or who he was