BIOH 201: Lab 05 - Skeletal System Notes

Bone Markings

various ridges, grooves, depressions, and other distinctive features found on the surfaces of bones

Types of Bone Markings

1. Projections for muscle attachment

2. Depressions for muscle attachment

3. Projections to form joints

4. Passages for nerves and blood vessels.

Tuberosity

A rounded, raised area on a bone providing leverage and support for muscles.

Trochanter

A large, rough process found specifically on the femur, serving as a major attachment point for hip and thigh muscles.

Tubercle

A small rounded surface on a bone, often found on the humerus that facilitates muscle attachment.

Process

A general term for any raised area or projection on the surface of bones, which may serve various functions.

Fossa

A shallow depression or hollow area on a bone surface,

Sulcus

A groove or furrow on the bone surface that serves as a pathway for nerves, blood vessels, or tendons.

Head

A rounded end of a bone that joins with another bone to form a joint, like the head of the femur in the hip joint.

Facet

A flat surface on a bone allowing smooth articulation with another bone, common in vertebrae.

Condyle

A rounded projection at the end of a bone that connects with another bone to form a joint.

Foramen

Round holes in the bone that allow the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and other structures.

Long Bones

Support body weight and facilitate movement

long bones

1. humerus

2. ulna and radius

3. femur

4. tibia and fibula

5. metacarpals and metatarsals

6. phalanges

Flat Bones

Provide protection to internal organs such as brain, heart, and lungs

flat bones

1. cranial bones

2. scapulae

3. sternum

4. ribs

Short Bones

cube-shaped, components of the wrist and ankle joint

short bones

1. carpals

2. tarsals

Irregular Bones

bones varying in shape and structure

irregular bones

1. vertebrae

2. sacrum

Sesamoid Bones

reinforce and protect tendons from stress and wear.

sesamoid bones

1. patella

Compact Bone

dense bone tissue found on the exterior of the bone, covered in articular cartilage

Spongy Bone

found in the interior of the bone and consists of slender fibers and lamellae that join to form a reticular structure, the ends of femurs are mostly spongy bone

Medullary Cavity

cylindrical cavity found in the interior of the long bones of the limbs filled with marrow and surround by compact bone

Bone Marrow

fills the medullary cavity and spaces inside spongy bone

yellow marrow

mostly fat

red marrow

hematopoietic tissue, site of blood cell production

Osteoclasts

secretes enzymes that dissolves and break down old or damaged bone cells

Osteoblasts

cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone structure and communicate with other bone cells.

Lamellae

thin layers of bone matrix in compact bone tissues, arranged in concentric circles around the central Haversian canals, providing support and strength

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting lacuna

Trabeculae

lattice like network of spongy bone tissue

Flexion/Extension

flexion is bending the joint, extension is straightening a joint

flexion- extension

1. elbow

2. tibiofemoral (knee)

3. phalangeal joints

4. glenohumeral (shoulder)

5. coxal (hip)

6. radoiocarpal (wrists)

7. altanto- occipital (head)

Abduction/Adduction

abduction is away from the midline, while adduction is movement towards the midline

abduction-adduction

1. glenohumeral (shoulder)

2. coxal (hip)

3. metacarpophalangeal (knuckles 2-5)

4. carpometacarpal of thumb metatarsophalangeal (toes)

Rotation

circular movement of an object around a central line

rotation

1. atlantoaxial (head)

2. glenohumeral (shoulder)

3. coxal (hip)

Circumduction

a circular movement at a joint that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, allowing the limb to make a circular motion. cir

circumduction

1. metacarpophalangeal (knuckles 2-5)

2. carpometacarpal of thumb

3. glenohumeral (shoulder)

4. coxal (hip)

Pronation/Supination

supination is turning the palm upwards while pronation is turning the palm downwards

pronation- supination

radioulnar

Inversion/Eversion

Movement inversion tilts the ankle inwards, eversion tilts the ankle outward away from the midline

Ball and Socket Joint

1. hip joint

2. shoulder joint (glenohumeral)

Pivot Joint

1. between the axis and atlas vertebrae

Saddle Joint

1. between the first metacarpal (of thumb) and the trapezium (carpal of thumb)

Hinge Joint

Allows for flexion and extension; a classic example is the elbow joint.

hinge joint

1. elbow joint (humeroulnar)

2. finger joints

Condylar Joint

between radius and carpal

functions of the skeletal system

1. movement (appendicular)

2. blood cell production

3. protecting internal vital organs ( axial skeleton)

4. store calcium and phosphorous

5. muscle attachment

osteon

structural unit of compact bone central canal

central canal

canal to allow passage of blood vessels