Exam 2: Patho pt 2

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to cardiovascular terminology and diseases.

Depolarization

The initial heart beat that leads to contraction.

Repolarization

The phase where the heart relaxes.

Automaticity

The automatic impulse that initiates a heart beat.

Systole

The phase of heart contraction associated with depolarization.

Diastole

The phase of heart relaxation associated with repolarization.

Perfusion

The process of blood flow to tissues.

Ischemia

A lack of blood flow to a region, which is typically reversible.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by a lack of blood flow, resulting in necrosis.

SA Node

The sinoatrial node, known as the heart's pacemaker.

AV Node

The atrioventricular node, involved in the heart's electrical conduction system.

Aneurysm

A localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall.

Hypertension

Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Myocardial Infarction

Cellular injury and death caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood.

Valvular Regurgitation

Impairment of valve function, allowing blood to flow backward.

Endocarditis

An infection of the inner lining of the heart, typically involving damaged valves.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse limbs, often causing pain during exercise.

Thrombus Formation

An obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure.

Heart Valves

Structures that maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart, including Aortic, Pulmonary, Tricuspid, and Mitral valves.

Depolarization

The initial heart beat that leads to contraction.

Repolarization

The phase where the heart relaxes.

Automaticity

The automatic impulse that initiates a heart beat.

Systole

The phase of heart contraction associated with depolarization.

Diastole

The phase of heart relaxation associated with repolarization.

Perfusion

The process of blood flow to tissues.

Ischemia

A lack of blood flow to a region, which is typically reversible.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by a lack of blood flow, resulting in necrosis.

SA Node

The sinoatrial node, known as the heart's pacemaker.

AV Node

The atrioventricular node, involved in the heart's electrical conduction system.

Aneurysm

A localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall.

Hypertension

Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Myocardial Infarction

Cellular injury and death caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood.

Valvular Regurgitation

Impairment of valve function, allowing blood to flow backward.

Endocarditis

An infection of the inner lining of the heart, typically involving damaged valves.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse limbs, often causing pain during exercise.

Thrombus Formation

An obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure.

Heart Valves

Structures that maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart, including Aortic, Pulmonary, Tricuspid, and Mitral valves.

What is the primary function of the SA Node?

To initiate the electrical impulse that sets the heart's rhythm, acting as the natural pacemaker.

What is the role of the AV Node in cardiac electrical conduction?

It delays electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, allowing for proper ventricular filling before contraction.

Name the four heart valves and their general classification based on location.

• Aortic valve (Semilunar)- Pulmonary valve (Semilunar)- Tricuspid valve (Atrioventricular)- Mitral valve (Atrioventricular)

Depolarization

The initial heart beat that leads to contraction.

Repolarization

The phase where the heart relaxes.

Automaticity

The automatic impulse that initiates a heart beat.

Systole

The phase of heart contraction associated with depolarization.

Diastole

The phase of heart relaxation associated with repolarization.

Perfusion

The process of blood flow to tissues.

Ischemia

A lack of blood flow to a region, which is typically reversible.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by a lack of blood flow, resulting in necrosis.

SA Node

The sinoatrial node, known as the heart's pacemaker.

AV Node

The atrioventricular node, involved in the heart's electrical conduction system.

Aneurysm

A localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall.

Hypertension

Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure.

Myocardial Infarction

Cellular injury and death caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood.

Valvular Regurgitation

Impairment of valve function, allowing blood to flow backward.

Endocarditis

An infection of the inner lining of the heart, typically involving damaged valves.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse limbs, often causing pain during exercise.

Thrombus Formation

An obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure.

Heart Valves

Structures that maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart, including Aortic, Pulmonary, Tricuspid, and Mitral valves.

What is the primary function of the SA Node?

To initiate the electrical impulse that sets the heart's rhythm, acting as the natural pacemaker.

What is the role of the AV Node in cardiac electrical conduction?

It delays electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, allowing for proper ventricular filling before contraction.

Name the four heart valves and their general classification based on location.

• Aortic valve (Semilunar)- Pulmonary valve (Semilunar)- Tricuspid valve (Atrioventricular)- Mitral valve (Atrioventricular)

Layers of the heart wall

1. Epicardium: The outer protective layer.2. Myocardium: The muscular middle layer responsible for pumping.3. Endocardium: The smooth inner lining of the heart chambers and valves.

Shockable Arrhythmias

Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) and Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (VT).

Non-Shockable Arrhythmias

Asystole and Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA).

Varicose Veins

Distended, tortuous, and palpable superficial veins, typically in the legs, resulting from incompetent venous valves.

Primary Hypertension (Essential Hypertension)

Hypertension with no identifiable primary cause; accounts for 90-95% of cases.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by an underlying systemic disease or medication, such as kidney disease, adrenal gland tumors, or certain drugs.

Types of Stroke

1. Ischemic Stroke: Caused by a blockage of blood flow to the brain (e.g., thrombotic, embolic, transient ischemic attack (TIA)).2. Hemorrhagic Stroke: Caused by bleeding in or around the brain (e.g., intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage).

True Aneurysm

Involves all three layers of the vessel wall (intima, media, adventitia) and is typically fusiform or saccular in shape.

False Aneurysm (Pseudoaneurysm)

An extravascular hematoma that communicates with the intravascular lumen, not involving all layers of the vessel wall; typically forms after trauma or arterial puncture.

Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)

An inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries and veins, mainly affecting blood vessels in the hands and feet, strongly associated with smoking.

Raynaud Disease

A vasospastic disorder causing episodic, temporary constriction of small arteries and arterioles in the fingers and toes, leading to pallor, cyanosis, and pain.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries, leading to myocardial ischemia.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A brief episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain or retinal ischemia, with symptoms typically lasting less than 24 hours (often less than 1 hour) and without acute infarction.

Unstable Angina

New onset chest pain at rest, or a worsening pattern of pre-existing angina, indicating severe coronary artery disease and often a precursor to myocardial infarction.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) Complications

Arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm, papillary muscle dysfunction, and sudden cardiac death.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) Manifestations

Severe, crushing chest pain (often radiating to arm, neck, jaw, back), nausea/vomiting, diaphoresis, dyspnea, pallor, and anxiety.

Cardiovascular Diagnostic Testing

Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram (Echo), Cardiac Stress Test, Cardiac Catheterization, Chest X-ray, CT scan, MRI.

Cardiovascular Lab Tests

Cardiac Troponin, CK-MB (Creatine Kinase-MB), B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), Lipid Panel, D-dimer, Electrolytes.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology (Examples)

Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), Calcium Channel Blockers, Diuretics, Statins, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet agents, Nitrates.

Cardiovascular Procedures (Examples)

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with stenting, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), Pacemaker implantation, Defibrillator implantation, Heart valve repair/replacement.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

A disease of the heart muscle where the ventricular walls, especially the septum, become abnormally thick, impeding blood flow and ventricular filling.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

A disease of the heart muscle characterized by enlargement and thinning of the heart chambers (ventricles), leading to poor pumping ability and heart failure.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)

A disease of the heart muscle where the walls of the ventricles become rigid, inflexible, and less elastic, restricting the heart's ability to stretch and fill with blood.

Valvular Stenosis

A condition where a heart valve becomes narrowed, stiff, or obstructed, impeding forward blood flow through the heart.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, the two-layered sac-like membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the heart.

Infective Endocarditis

An infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) and heart valves, typically caused by bacteria, leading to vegetation formation on the valves