Module 3 flashcards Bisc 110

what are the main functions of the endocrine system?

regulating metabolism, promoting growth and development, controlling reproduction, and helping the body respond to stress

Chemical communication between cells

hormones via blood

electrical communication between cells

electrical impulses via nerves and between nerves

What are hormones?

lipids

How does the nervous system react to messages?

via neurons and fast and short lived

How does the endocrine system react to messages?

via the bloodstream, slow and longer lasting

What glands secrete hormones?

endocrine glands

What kind of cell binds to hormones?

target cell that has receptors

What is the endocrine system structure that aids in maintaining homeostasis by regulating hormone production?

Hypothalamus

What are the other functions of the hypothalamus?

communicates directly with the pituitary gland and can produce hormones

Where do hormones get stored?

posterior pituitary

What part of the pituitary gland produces and releases its own hormones?

Anterior pituitary

What is the “master gland”?

The pituitary gland ; it controls several other endocrine glands

What part of the pituitary gland is responsible for TSH and thyroid hormones?

Anterior pituitary

What is the use of TSH and thyroid hormones?

play a crucial role in regulating the body’s metabolism and contains iodine

What is negative feedback?

a mechanism that helps maintain a system’s stability by producing an output that counteracts a stimulus; also regulates hormone production

Which parts of the endocrine system adjust hormone secretion based on the current levels in the bloodstream?

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

What are the parts of the endocrine system?

pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and testes

What is the main role of the pancreas?

maintains blood glucose levels by secreting two hormones

What two hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

insulin and glucagon

What does insulin do?

lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake by cells

What does glucagon do?

increases blood sugar by stimulating the release of glucose from stored sources

Diabetes type 1

juvenile diabetes; the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, leading to higher blood sugar levels

Diabetes type 2

the body becomes resistant to insulin, which impairs glucose uptake by cells, resulting in chronic high blood sugar

Which diabetes is easily manageable?

Type 2 diabetes

Where is the pineal gland located and what does it do?

located in the brain and secretes melatonin that regulates sleep/wake cycle (circadian rhythm)

What are the two subsystems of the nervous system?

Peripheral and central nervous system

What are the functions of the central nervous system and where is it located?

located in the brain and spinal cord and processes and integrates information

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system and where is it located?

located in the nerves that connect the brain and body and is involved in sensory input and motor output

Sensory input

The peripheral nervous system collects information and sends it to the central nervous system

Integration

Central nervous system interprets incoming signals

Motor response

Central nervous system sends signals back to the peripheral nervous system to initiate a response

What are the functional units of nervous tissue?

cell bodies, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath

What is the main function of dendrites?

Receive signals and transmit them toward the cell body

What are the main functions of axons?

conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

What is the main function of the myelin sheath?

fatty neurological cells wrapped around axons; speeds up signal transmission

What are the three classes of neurons?

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

What are the main functions of sensory neurons?

transmit signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system

what are the main funcions of interneurons?

processes signals within the central nervous system

what are the main functions of motor neurons?

transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands

what is action potential?

neurons trasmit signals using electrical impulses

what is resting potential?

the inside of the cell is negatively charged and the outside is positively charged

what are the three components of the synapse?

1. the sending neuron

2. the receiving cell

3. the synaptic cleft

what are neurotransmitters?

chemicals released at synapses that cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving cell; found throughout the nervous system

what are the three regions of the brain in the central nervous system?

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

What are the different parts of the hindbrain?

medulla oblogata, pons, and cerebellum

what is the function of the medulla oblogata?

regulates basic psychological processes (BP, heart rate, breathing)

what is the function of the cerebellum?

controls posture and balance (subconscious muscle movement)

What are the parts of the forebrain?

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum, white matter, and gray matter

what is the main function of the cerebrum?

controls qualities considered to be “the mind” such as learning, memory, motivation and emotion

what are the different lobes of the brain?

parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

what is short-term memory?

memory that holds onto a few pieces of information at a time, for a few moments

wat is long-term memory?

memory that is produced after repeated reinforcement?

what is the limbic system?

the “emotional brain” that regulate emotional aspects of behavior, memory, pleasure, pain, and addiction

what are the general senses?

1. touch

2. temperature

3. pain

what are the special senses?

1. smell and taste

2. vision

3. hearing

what is touch discrimination?

the ability to identify the type and source of touch stimulus

what is sensory adaptation?

constant stimulation leads to fewer action potentials

What are the receptors for smell and taste?

chemoreceptors

What are the receptors for vision?

photoreceptor

What are the receptors for hearing?

mechanoreceptors