AP HUG unit 3 review

Culture

The shared beliefs, behaviors, practices, and material traits of a group of people.

Folk (Local) Culture

Culture practiced by a small, homogeneous group that is traditionally passed down and usually rural.

Popular Culture

Culture practiced by a large, heterogeneous population that spreads quickly through media and technology.

Where Folk Culture Is Prevalent

Rural and isolated areas due to limited outside influence and strong tradition.

Where Popular Culture Is Prevalent

Urban areas due to globalization, media, and economic connectivity.

Folk Culture Examples

Amish, Cajun culture, Appalachian folk music, Native American tribes.

Popular Culture Examples

Hip-hop, fast food, professional sports, Hollywood movies.

Cultural Hearth

A place where a cultural trait originates and then diffuses outward.

Cultural Hearth Examples

Mesopotamia, South Asia, East Asia, Mesoamerica.

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid spread of a cultural trait through direct contact.

Contagious Diffusion Example

Viral social media trends.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread of a trait through authority or influential people.

Hierarchical Diffusion Example

Fashion trends started by celebrities.

Relocation Diffusion

Spread of culture through migration.

Relocation Diffusion Example

Pizza spreading through Italian migration.

Expansion Diffusion

Spread of a trait that remains strong at its origin.

Expansion Diffusion Example

Hip-hop culture.

Stimulus Diffusion

Spread of an idea that is adapted to local culture.

Stimulus Diffusion Example

McDonald’s menu changes by country.

Maladaptive Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait that causes harm in a new location.

Maladaptive Diffusion Example

Fast food contributing to obesity.

Distance Decay

The decrease in cultural influence as distance from the source increases.

Distance Decay in Folk Culture

Strong distance decay due to isolation.

Distance Decay in Popular Culture

Weak distance decay due to media and technology.

Time-Space Compression

The reduction in perceived distance due to faster communication and transportation.

Role of Social Media in Diffusion

Reduces distance decay and speeds diffusion globally.

Reterritorialization

The reestablishment of cultural traits in a new location after migration.

Reterritorialization Example

Chinatowns and Little Italys.

Anabaptist Groups

Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites.

Why Anabaptists Are Tested

They represent folk culture, relocation diffusion, and cultural resistance.

Traditional (Folk) Architecture

Buildings using local materials adapted to climate and culture.

Traditional Architecture Examples

Adobe homes, thatched roofs, stilt houses.

Popular Architecture

Mass-produced buildings with similar designs across regions.

Popular Architecture Examples

Suburban housing developments, skyscrapers, strip malls.

Classical Architecture

Symmetry and columns inspired by Greek and Roman design.

Modern Architecture

Simple, functional design using glass and steel.

Postmodern Architecture

Decorative, symbolic, and playful design elements.

Neolocalism

The effort to revive local culture in response to globalization.

Neolocalism Examples

Local breweries, farm-to-table restaurants.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group fully adopts the dominant culture.

Acculturation

The process by which a group adopts some cultural traits while retaining its identity.

Cultural Appropriation

Using elements of another culture without understanding or respect.

Cultural Appropriation Example

Sacred Native American headdresses used as fashion.

Cultural Commodification

The process of turning culture into a product for profit.

Cultural Commodification Example

Selling ethnic foods, festivals, or traditions.

Food as Folk Custom

Dietary practices shaped by culture, religion, and environment.

Food Taboos

Cultural or religious restrictions on food consumption.

Food Taboo Examples

Pork in Islam and Judaism; beef in Hinduism.

Alcohol as Folk Custom

Alcohol consumption patterns influenced by culture and religion.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human culture on the physical environment.

Placelessness

The loss of unique local characteristics due to globalization.

Succession

The replacement of one cultural group by another in a place.

Sequent Occupancy

The layering of cultures in a place over time.

Sequent Occupancy Example

Native, Spanish, Mexican, and American influence in the Southwest.

Symbolic Landscape

Landscapes that reflect cultural values, identity, or power.

Symbolic Landscape Examples

Monuments, flags, government buildings.

Cultural Relativism

Evaluating cultures based on their own standards.

Positive of Cultural Relativism

Promotes understanding and reduces conflict.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on one’s own culture.

Negative of Ethnocentrism

Can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

Gender as a Social Construct

Gender roles are learned behaviors that vary by culture.

Gendered Spaces

Places dominated by one gender due to social norms.

Gendered Space Examples

Construction sites, beauty salons.

Formal Economy

Paid, regulated, and taxed employment.

Informal Economy

Unregulated work often lacking legal protections.

Women in LDCs Obstacles

Limited education, informal labor, cultural restrictions.

Dowry Deaths

The killing of women due to dowry disputes in India.

Power of Space

The influence of location on cultural distribution.

Ethnic Enclave

A neighborhood with a high concentration of one ethnic group.

Ethnic Enclave Examples

Chinatown, Harlem, Pilsen.

Chain Migration

Migration to a place where relatives or community members already live.

Sense of Place

The emotional attachment people have to a location.

Adaptive Strategies

Methods cultures use to survive in their environment.

Adaptive Strategy Examples

Nomadic herding, transhumance, wet-rice farming.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between elevations.

Cultural Resistance

Efforts to preserve culture against globalization.

Cultural Resistance Examples

Language laws, Amish technology restrictions.

Indigenous Peoples

Ethnic groups native to a region with strong ties to land.

Importance of Indigenous Land

Land preserves culture, language, and sacred traditions.

Indigenous Examples

Native Americans, Aboriginal Australians, Amazon tribes.

Ethnic Cultural Traits

Cultural traits practiced by a specific group.

Universalizing Cultural Traits

Cultural traits that spread globally.