World History 2022

Old Regime

The social and political system of France in the 1770's

Estates

The people of France were divided into three large social classes

Bourgeoisis

middle class

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

queen and king of France during the French Revolution

National Assembly

The third estate delegates broke off from the estates general to form a new legislature

Tennis Court Oath

The pledge to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French equivalent of the Declaration of Independence

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

Slogan of the French Revolution

Robespierre

Leader of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror

Guillotine

The machine the French used to behead people

Napoleon

Emperor of France from 1804 to 1814

Coup d' etat

French phrase for the overthrow of the government

Plebiscite

The vote of the people

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's uniform set of laws

The Louisiana

Napoleon's sale of land in the 1830

Trafalgar

the defeat of the French navy by Britain's Horatio Nelson

Two major results of the Battle of Trafalgar

1) Couldn't invade England

2) Insure British naval supremacy

Three mistakes that lead to Napoleon's downfall

1) Blockade

2) War of Spain

3) Invasion of Russia

Hundred Days

Napoleon's return to France

Waterloo

Napoleon's last battle of his final defeat

Metternich's three goals at the Congress of Vienna

1) Contain France

2) Balance of Power

3) Legitimacy

Three examples of long term legacy for the Congress of Vienna

1) Long-lasting peace

2) Spanish colonies break away

3) Nationalism

Ottoman Empire

The empire that covered present day Turkey and the Middle East

5 present day countries of the Middle East (1 not Islamic)

1) Israel

2) Iraq

3) Iran

4) Syria

5) Saudi Arabia

2 crops in America that required cheap labor leading to slavery

1) Tobacco

2) Sugar

Islam

The religion that believed captured people, not of that religion, could be bought and sold as slaves

Portugal / Spain

The European nation responsible for starting the African slave trade

England

Dominated the slave trade from 1690 to 1807, when slavery was abolished

2 negative consequences of the slave trade

1) Education

2) Gun violence

Middle Passage

The voyage of slaves from Africa to America

Capitalism

The economic system based on private ownership and investment for profit

joint-stock company

A corporation where investors buy shares of stock in a company

Mercantilism

The economic theory that a country's power depends mainly on its wealth

2 ways a country could increase its wealth and power

1) Favorable balance and trade

2) Gold and silver

Favorable balance and trade

an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad (Sell more goods than buy)

Spanish Armada

The defeat of the Spanish King Phillip II when he suffered a major naval lost in 1588

Cervantes

Wrote "Don Quixote"

Rembrandt

Painted "The Night Watch"

2 ways the Netherlands was different from other European countries

1) Republic

2) Religious Toleration

Belgium

The country that the 10 southern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands became

Absolute monarch

A king or queen who holds all the power within their states boundaries

Divine right

The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on earth

Edict of Nantes

Henry of Navarre issued a declaration of religious toleration in France

Richelieu

Louis XIII's powerful chief minister

Essay

A brief work that expresses a person's thoughts and opinion

Descartes

Wrote Meditations on First Philosophy and helped develop scientific method

Louis XIV

Most powerful European king in the seventeenth century

Tariff

Minister of France, Colbert, tried to protect French industries by placing this on goods from other countries

Versailles

Extravagant palace built by Louis XIV

War of Spanish Succession

War fought by France against England and much of the rest of Europe over who would be the next ruler of Spain

3 provisions of Treaty of Utrecht

1) Savoy got recognized as a kingdom

2) Britain got Newfoundland

3) Prussia got recognized as a kingdom

2 provisions of Treaty of Westphalia

1) Ended the religious wars in Europe

2) Weakened Austria and Spain

Marie Theresa

Ruler of Austria that fought against Prussia in the War of Austria Succession

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility

Frederick the Great

Leader of Prussia who captured Silesia, making Prussia a European power

French and Indian War

The Seven Years War was known as this in North America

2 main things British gained as result of the Seven Years War

1) India

2) Canada

Boyars

Landowning nobles of Russia

Ivan the Terrible

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

Secret police

One czar set this up track down any perceived threats, and this group has been a constant in Russia even up to the present

Peter the Great

The czar best known for modernizing and westernizing Russia

2 steps Peter the Great took to westernize Russia

1) Education

2) Brought newspaper to Russia

2\) Brought newspaper to Russia

Orthodox

The Russian religion

St. Petersburg

The new city that was built to give Russia a seaport on the Baltic Sea

Oliver Cromwell

Ruler of England as the result of English Civil War

Restoration

Reign of Charles II when he restored the monarchy

Habeas Corpus

A guarantee of a prisoner's right to know the charges being brought against him

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England

Constitutional Monarchy

England was the first European country to become this where laws limited the monarch's power

Cabinet

The group of ministers who help advise and establish policy

Ruling family of Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Spain

Hapsburg

Ruling family of France

Bourbons

Ruling family of Netherlands

Orange

Ruling family of England

Stuart

Ruling family of Savoy, Sardinia later Italy

Savoy

Ruling family of Prussia/Later Germany

Hohenzollern

Ruling family of Russia

Romanov

Who painted the Sistine Chapel and built David, and Moses

Michelangelo

Who built revived classical form in statue David

Donatello

Who painted Monalisa and Last Supper

Leonardo Da Vinci

Who painted the School of Athens

Raphael

First Renaissance artist and built the Bell Tower

Giotto

Who painted portraits of her sisters and King Phillip II of Spain

Anguissola

Who painted strong, heroic women (Female)

Gentileschi

Who wrote The Courtier

Baldassare Castiglione

Who won her husband's freedom and defended Mantua

Isabella d' Este

Father of Renaissance Humanism

Francesco Petrarch

Who wrote the Decameron

Giovanni Boccaccio

Who wrote The Prince

Niccolo Machiavelli

Female poet that helped publish the Courtier

Vittoria Colonna

Who built the Duomo that dominates the Florence sky-line

Brunelleschi

A powerful dictator and patron of the arts n Florence

Lorenzo de Medici

5 Shakespeare's most famous plays

1) Romeo and Juliet

2) MacBeth

3) Hamlet

4) Othello

5) King Lear

Renaissance

the revival of art and literature in Italy that began from 1300-1600

3 advantages that made Italy important as its birthplace

1) Thriving city

2) Wealthy merchants

3) Classical heritage of Greece ad Rome

5 changes that resulted from the Renaissance

1) Printing press

2) Techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome

3) Increase in literacy

4) Vernacular

5) Secular and religious art

Provision of the Council of Trent

1) Church"s interpretation of the Bible is final

2) Faith and good works for salvation

3) The Bible of Church traditions are equal

4) Ban the sales of indulgences

5 causes of the Reformation

1) Printing press

2) Church's wealth

3) People were unwilling to pay church's taxes

4) Sale of indulgences

5) Monarchs challenged the Church's power

Reneissance Man

A man who excelled in many fields