Motor Control Theories

theory

set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events

observations, predictions, future observations

good theories must accurately describe a large class of _____ and make definite _____ about results of _____

behavior, problem solve, clinical action, broaden

knowing motor control theories provide framework to interpret or predict _____, actively _____, guide _____, and _____ clinical practice

nervous system, coordinated movement, motor skills, environmental contexts, skill level

motor control theories describe and explain how _____ produces _____ to perform a variety of _____ in a variety of _____ regardless of _____ of performer

coordination, degrees of freedom

motor control theories should address _____ in motor skill performance and _____ problem

components, act, control, desired

degrees of freedom problem is numerous independent _____ of system result in number of ways each can _____, how to _____ body to produce _____ movement in given situation

reflex theory

complex behavior can be explained through combined action of individual reflexes chained together

function, presence, absence, controlling, effect, motor

implications of RT are strategies to test to predict _____, movement behaviors interpreted in terms of _____/_____ of _____ reflexes, enhancing/reducing reflex _____ during _____ tasks

external, sensory stimulus, fast, varying responses, novel

limitations of RT is reflex activated by _____ agent, doesn’t explain movement occurring in absence of _____, _____ movement, how stimulus results in _____ or _____ movements

hierarchical theory

top down organizational control and each successively higher level exerts control over level below it

strict vertical

_____ hierarchy states lines of control do not cross and never go bottom up

reflexes, development, progression, primitive, equilibrium

HT states higher levels control or inhibit lower level _____, during _____ appearance/disappearance of a _____, with cortical injury reappearance of _____, basis of _____

act, reflexes, disordered

implications of HT are each level of nervous system can _____ on other levels, _____ are not sole determinant but one process, explain _____ motor control with neurologic disorders

reflex, primitive

limitations of HT are cannot explain dominance of _____ behavior in certain situations, not all low level behaviors are _____

physiology, degree of freedom problem, motor program

motor program theory expands understanding into _____ of action, solves _____ with idea of _____ which stores information needed to perform an action

central motor pattern

memory based construct that controls coordinated movement, stereotyped, and hardwired similarly to reflex

sensory stimuli, central process, flexible

central motor pattern is activated by _____ or _____ but is more _____ than reflex

absence, sensory

MPT is supported by movement in _____ of reflexive action, _____ input is not essential but crucial in modulating action

central pattern generators

spinally mediated motor programs

patterns, class, variable, different, same, new

generalized motor programs are _____ of movements, abstract representation used to create _____ of movement with _____ features, allows many _____ movements using _____ motor program and create _____ movements

fixed, sequence, order, flexible, parameters

some elements of GMP are _____ (_____ of action), components occur in specific _____, some elements of GMP are _____ (_____)

reflex, flexibility

implications of MPT are move beyond _____ explanation for disordered control, expanding understanding of _____ of CNS

rules, movements, functional, isolation

relearning correct _____ for action and retraining _____ important to _____ task not just reeducating specific muscles in _____

sole, sensory, sequence, error, environment, musculoskeletal

limitations of MPT are GMPs aren’t _____ determinant of action, cannot ignore importance of _____ input, limited to controlling specific _____, variability is viewed as _____, doesn’t consider _____ and _____ variables

systems theory

cannot understand neural control of movement without understanding characteristics of systems moving and external and internal forces on body

mechanical system, external, internal forces, changing environment, external forces, variations

systems theory looks at body as _____, _____/_____ that act on it, exists in continuously _____, movement based on interplay of _____ and _____ in initial conditions

degrees of freedom, bottom up, control, reduce, whole

hierarchical control exists to simplify control of body’s multiple _____, hierarchy is anatomically built _____, higher levels _____ lower, _____ higher level involvement in controlling movement, integrity of _____ system is required to control movement

synergies

play an important role in constraining certain muscles to work together as a unit

dynamic, flexible, adaptive, combined

synergies are _____, _____, and _____, gross pattern of _____ movements

dynamic systems theory

system of individual parts comes together, elements behave collectively in ordered way (principle of self organization)

interacting, nervous system, changing, degrees of freedom, functional unit

DST predicts that movement can emerge as result of _____ elements without need for specific commands in _____, function of ever _____ constraints placed on learner, system self organizes available _____ into single _____

small, change

DST is based on cooperation of _____ systems, new movement emerges because of critical _____ in one system or control parameter

nonlinear system

output not proportional to input

control parameter

variable that regulates change in behavior of entire system

variability, optimal function, adaptive, environment, injury, impairment, stable, attractor states

in DST _____ is not result of error but necessary condition of _____, allows for _____ strategies to make adjustments to _____, too little leads to _____ and too much leads to performance _____, small amount indicates highly _____ behavior called _____

flexibility, stable, difficult

preferred patterns have a degree of _____ to which they can change, deeper the well more _____ and more _____ to change

control parameters, attractor state, variable, combination, reorganizes, stable

manipulating _____ can move performer into new _____, become _____ prior to new pattern emerging because movement pattern becomes _____ of old and new techniques, with practice movement pattern _____ and new technique becomes _____

system, interaction, organize, retraining, variability

implications of DST are stresses body as mechanical _____, movement emerges from _____ of multiple elements that self _____, _____ utilize variables that contribute to movement, _____ is critical element of normal flexible movement

nervous system, broadest, complex

limitations of DST are presumption that _____ is less important in determining behavior, _____ and most _____ theory

ecological theory

motor control evolved from need to cope with environment

perceptual, environment, nervous, perception/action, performer, environment

ET states actions require _____ information, detect information in _____, _____ system functions as _____ system, emphasizes interaction between _____ and physical _____

perception, actions, perceptual, goal directed action, environment, perception, environment, goals

outcome and skilled performance is dependent on _____ of information about situation, _____ require _____ information specific to desired ______ in specific _____ and _____ focuses on detecting information in _____ that supports actions necessary to achieve _____

explorer, environment, adaptability, perceive, environment

implications of ET are describes individual as active _____ of _____, emphasizes _____, requires learning to _____ critical aspects of _____ that impact how movement is organized

nervous system, organism/environment

limitations of ET are less emphasis on _____ and shift to _____ interface

no, combines

_____ theory is all right, best theory _____ elements from all

scientific theory

provides framework that allows integration of practical ideas into coherent philosophy for intervention

parallel, changes, apply

clinical practice evolves in _____ with scientific theory, clinicians assimilate _____ in scientific theory and _____ to practice

interaction, systems, behavioral goal, environment, impairments, system, sensation

normal movement is _____ among different _____, movement organized around _____ and constrained by _____, movement problems result from _____ within one of more _____, role of _____ is essential to predict and adapt control of movement

functional tasks, movement patterns, solve problems, functional tasks, adaptation, environmental, recovery

when retraining movement control essential to work on identifiable _____ rather than _____ for sake of movement, patients learn by actively attempting to _____ inherent in _____ rather than repetition of normal movement, _____ to changes in _____ context is critical part of _____