DTU BIO SIM E24- Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts from Bioengineering E24 SIM

What happens when sugar is dissolved on the right side of a container with pure water separated by a semipermeable membrane?

Water starts flowing from left to right.

How long does it take on average for a bacterial ribosome to diffuse across the diameter of an E.coli cell (2 μm) given a diffusion coefficient of ca. 10^-11 m^2/s?

4 s

How can energy NOT be stored in a living cell?

ATP at its equilibrium concentration.

Given an RNA codon table, identify a non-encoding RNA sequence for Phe-Leu-Leu-Ser-Ser-Gly

UUUUUGCUGAGUUCUGGG

Which alternative genetic code would NOT be able to encode 40 different amino acids?

2 different bases, codons of length 6

What is NOT true about the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

With PCR, one can detect and identify minute quantities of RNA.

How much faster is the catalysed reaction at room temperature than the uncatalysed one if ΔGcat is 10 kJ/mol and ΔGuncat is 30 kJ/mol, assuming same kinetic pre-factor?

ca. 3000 times

How much of the corresponding antibodies would you have to inject to neutralize 50 mg of venom 1 (4 kDa) and 10 mg of venom 2 (10 kDa), considering 100% efficiency?

937.5 mg antibody 1 and 75 mg antibody 2

Recombinant expression of proteins requires what?

This statement is incorrect, Recombinant expression of proteins does not require organic solvents.

What can a gene drive be used for?

To drive a population of a given species to collapse.

How can sequence alignments be used to construct phylogenetic trees?

By comparing the sequences and counting the number of differences, it can be estimated when the organisms from which the sequences are taken diverged from each other.

What is NOT required for de-extinction of an animal species?

Complete fossils of the extinct animal.

Which of the following groups constitute a domain of life?

Prokaryotes

Which of the molecules below cannot be used as electron acceptor in an anaerobic respiration (by a microbe)?

H2

A biotech company has a target of 5 * 10^9 yeast cells/ml in a fermentation reaction. The generation time of the yeast is 80 minutes. What should the approximate starting (inoculum) level be, if the fermentation should be done after 24 hours?

2 x 10^4

In deep learning, how does the 'denoising diffusion' model operate?

It introduces noise to data in increasing amounts and then reverses the process, reconstructing the original data without noise.

Which of the following best describes Neural Networks in the context of Machine Learning?

A series of algorithms that attempt to recognize underlying relationships in a set of data through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates.

What's the main advantage of using Transfer learning, a method where pre-trained models are fine-tuned for a new task, in protein prediction tasks?

It allows for faster and often more accurate model training.

It is possible to encode simple logic functions in DNA. Which logic function is coded by the following figure?

NAND

What is the purpose of the inducer?

Small molecules can pass through the cell membrane and hence function as external signals triggering the transcription

Which of the following set of reactions present the Central Dogma in the figure?

Gene -> {k1} mRNA + Gene, mRNA -> {d1} Ø, mRNA -> {k2} B + mRNA, B -> {d2} Ø

Describe the analogy of biological circuits to that of electrical circuits.

They are both triggered by concentrations, electrons in the case of electrical circuits and various molecules in the case of biological circuits.

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at a synapse?

They transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to communicate between neurons.

What is the role of proprioceptive sensors in neurorobotics?

They enable neurorobots to sense the position and movement of their parts to regulate precision and adaptability.

What happens during the refractory period of a neuron?

The neuron cannot fire another action potential regardless of stimulus strength.

What behavior is observed in the membrane potential of a Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron when stimulated with a constant input current?

The membrane potential oscillates between the reset potential and the threshold potential, producing periodic spikes.