Honors Biology DNA Replication

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32 Terms

1

DNA Replication

process by which DNA molecule is copied; DNA synthesis (S stage of interphase)

<p>process by which DNA molecule is copied; DNA synthesis (S stage of interphase)</p>
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2

Transformation

a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by bacteria

<p>a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by bacteria</p>
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3

Bacteriophages

Viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteria eaters

<p>Viruses that infect bacteria</p><p>Bacteria eaters</p>
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4

Virus

infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery

<p>infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery</p>
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5

Chargaff's Law

the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases

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6

Rosalind Franklin

X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA

<p>X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA</p>
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7

Watson and Crick

discovered the structural double helix model of DNA

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8

Double helix

two twisted strands

<p>two twisted strands</p>
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9

Antiparallel

subunits run in opposite directions

<p>subunits run in opposite directions</p>
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10

Nitrogenous bases of Dna

A, T, C, G

<p>A, T, C, G</p>
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11

Purines

A and G

Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings

<p>A and G</p><p>Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings</p>
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12

Pyrimidines

C and T

Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring

<p>C and T</p><p>Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring</p>
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13

Semiconservative Model

the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common

<p>the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common</p>
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14

Origins of Replication

short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides

<p>short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides</p>
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15

Replication Fork

a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

<p>a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound</p>
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16

Helicases

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands

<p>enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands</p>
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17

Leading strand

Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses

<p>Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses</p>
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18

Lagging Strand

The strand that DNA polymerase works away from the replication fork; Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments

<p>The strand that DNA polymerase works away from the replication fork; Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments</p>
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19

Okazaki fragments

Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long

<p>Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long</p>
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20

DNA Ligase

joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand

<p>joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand</p>
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21

DNA polymerase

Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing DNA strand

<p>Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing DNA strand</p>
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22

Mismatch repair

Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors

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23

Histones

Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin

<p>Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin</p>
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24

Chromatin

complex of DNA and protein

<p>complex of DNA and protein</p>
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25

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

<p>A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.</p>
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26

template strand

DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides

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27

complementary nucleotides

A-T

G-C

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28

DNA directionality

one end has an exposed hydroxl group on the 3' carbon of deoxiribose and the other end has an exposed phosphate group on a 5' carbon

<p>one end has an exposed hydroxl group on the 3' carbon of deoxiribose and the other end has an exposed phosphate group on a 5' carbon</p>
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29

DNA structure

consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine

<p>consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine</p>
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30

antiparallel strands

Strands parallel to each other going in opposite directions (3'-5' and 5'-3')

<p>Strands parallel to each other going in opposite directions (3'-5' and 5'-3')</p>
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31

Purine bases

have a double ring structure and include adenine and guanine.

<p>have a double ring structure and include adenine and guanine.</p>
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32

Pyrimidine bases

Single ring structure; Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

<p>Single ring structure; Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil</p>
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