HAH Final Review

George Washington's Farewell Address

advised the United States to stay "neutral in its relations with other nations" and to avoid "entangling alliances". especially with European countries

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Civil War Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)

\-13th amendment= abolished slavery

\-14th amendment= guaranteed citizenship for African Americans

\-15th amendment= guarantees African American males the right to vote

Sharecropping System

A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. Kept tenant farmers poor and on the land.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Party of Lincoln

Historically the Republican Party gained is main support from business interests. After the Civil War, most African American were Republican. This affiliation remained until the Civil Rights Era when the democrats adopted civil rights as a major part goal.

Expansion and Limitations to Suffrage

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the oil industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Railroad Titans

the early industrial pioneers amassing or overseeing construction of many large railroads, Vanderbilt

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Vertical and horizontal integration

A horizontal integration consists of companies that acquire a similar company in the same industry, while a vertical integration consists of companies that acquire a company that operates either before or after the acquiring company in the production process.

1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act

outlawed monopolies and trusts

Political Machines/Party Bosses

informal political group designed to gain and keep power, in exchange for votes, they would give city dwellers jobs, housing, food, heat, etc.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Problems of Urban Growth

Overcrowding, Disease, Pollution, Crime, Poverty, High mortality

Old v. New Immigrants

OLD- came to the new world from 1820-60 from North and West Europe (Germany, England,& Norway); mostly Protestants, literate, & skillful in professions;came to America with families &had money & wealth. NEW- came to New World from 1880-1924 from S&E Europe (Italy & Poland); non-Protestant, were usually poor peasants, illiterate & poor.

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Jane Adamms

American social worker and activist; she was the co founder of Hull house, an organization that focused on the seeds of immigrants. She helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

WEB DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans

1896 Election

William Jennings Bryan lost to McKinley w/ the "silver issue" dominating the campaign; McKinley won, the Populists disappeared, the GOP became the party who represented the interests of the corporations and the wealthy, and a realignment occurred

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Reservation System

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American socity more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

Josiah Strong, Our Country

In this book, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper tycoons, they helped to start the fighting in Cuba against Spain for the their independence, by using exaggerated stories in their papers.

Maine Explosion

Blast of a U.S. ship docked in Havana Harbor that helped to bring about the Spanish-American War

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

consisted of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who relished what Roosevelt called the "strenuous life"

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino who was lead both the Phillipine revolution against Spain and then the United States

Hawaii Annexation

US supported an overthrow of this island's queen in order to obtain more territory for the U.S.

Treaty of Paris 1898

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, they produced a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Filipino Insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, and wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up.

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there

Panama independence and Panama Canal

US helps Panama escape from Columbia, US gets the land from Panama when they helped them fight for their independence, Panama Canal was built, Important bc it allows the US navy to move east coast to west coast very easily and it allows the US to ship goods to China much easier

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Latin American nations were in deep financial trouble and could not pay their debts to European creditors. Roosevelt declared the U.S. would intervene and occupy the ports of those countries that were delinquent in paying their debts and manage the collection of customs taxes until European debts were satisfied. U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Big Stick Policy

refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick."

Progressive Movement

aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Early 1900's muckraking writer/photographer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. He was dedicated to using his photographic talents to help the less fortunate in New York. His photography helped capture the hardships faced by the poor.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

16th, 17th, 18th and 19th Amendments

* 16th Amendment authorized Congress to levy an income tax.
* 17th Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states.
* 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
* 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

Trustbuster

a person working to destroy monopolies and trusts

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft, the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.

Presidential Election of 1912

Taft vs. Wilson vs. Roosevelt, in the end due to a split Republican party, Democrat Wilson was elected President

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Federal Reserve Act

law that created the modern banking system

4 main causes of WWI

M- Militarism

A- Alliances

I- Imperialism

N- Nationalism

Allies and Central Powers in WWI

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

U-boats and unrestricted submarine warfare

The use of the relatively new sea weapon was a major aspect of the German naval effort against the Western Allies in WWI; unrestricted submarine warfare was a major factor in bringing the US into active participation in the war.

Sussex ultimatum and pledge

1916, agreeing to give adequate warning before sinking merchant and passenger ships and to provide for the safety of passengers and crew.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Impact of Russian Revolution

allowed germans troops on western front, pressure on allies + US enters war around same time and sends US troops to fight against germans

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

CPI and Propaganda during WWI

The Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Immigration Quota Act 1924

This was passed in 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year.

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Henry Ford and the Model T

Ford created the Model T, boom in economy because of cars and the assembly line

Impact of Radio

It united the nation, and molded a national culture; national events could be heard live.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Bank runs/closures

Only a few banks failed, but everyone freaked out and pulled their cash out, which caused the bank to go bust

Bank Runs: Ppl would lose confidence in bank and felt they needed to be the first ones there to get their money back before their bank fails.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 by Hoover to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Hoover Dam

A dam built in the 1930s, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River.

Trickle Down Economics

economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Hundred Days Congress

Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation