life processes (respiration)

Define breathing (without characteristics)

It is the exchange of Oxygen and carbon dioxide it involves inhalation that is taking air inside the body and exhalation that is releasing air outside the body

Define respiration (without characteristics)

It is a process by which organisms breakdown glucose in their cells to release energy in the form of ATP which is used for various life processes

Characteristics of breathing

It is a physical process that occurs only in lungs

No enzymes are involved

No energy is released and rather energy is used

It is an extra cellular process

Characteristics of respiration

It is a biochemical process which occurs in all cells of body

A large number of enzymes are involved

Energy is released in the form of ATP or adenosine triphosphate

It is an intracellular process

Aerobic respiration and its characteristics

It takes place in the presence of oxygen

Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water

More amount of energy in the form of ATP is released

Anaerobic respiration and its characteristics

It takes place in the absence of oxygen

Glucose is partially broken down into alcohol or lactic acid

Less energy is released

Occurs in some microorganisms like yeast and muscle cells during lack of oxygen

What is pyruvate

During respiration in the cytoplasm glucose that is a 6 carbon molecule converts to pyruvate that is a three carbon molecule

During intense exercise why does a person feel fatigue and cramps

During intense exercise muscles rapidly convert glucose to lactic acid for quick energy using stored up ATP this lactic acid build up causes fatig and cramps

State the path of air through respiratory system (humans)

Nostril

Nasal passage

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Blood capillaries

Alveolus gas exchange

What is the breathing mechanism like in exhalation and inhalation

In inhalation the ribs move up and the diaphragm flattens this is to increase the chest cavity as air is sucked into lungs

During exhibition the ribs move down and the diaphragm relaxes and this is so that the chest cavity decreases as air is pushed out

Role of nostril

Air is taken in and it is filtered by fine hairs and mucous present

Bronchi

The trachea splits into two bronchi one for each lung it carries air into lungs

Trachea

It is a tube that connects the larynx to bronchi it has rings of cartilage to keep the airway open

Bronchioles

They are formed after bronchie is further divided

They are small air passages that lead directly to the alveoli

They don't have cartilage rings and can contract or expand to regulator flow

Alveoli and it's features

Tiny balloon like a sacks located at the end of bronchioles

They are thin wall for easy gas diffusion

Surrounded by a dense network of blood capillaries

They increase the surface area for efficient diffusion

They are a site of gas exchange in the lungs

Process of gas exchange in alveoli

Oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood capillaries

Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into alveolar space to be exhaled

This exchange occurs through diffusion due to difference in concentration

Role of hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment

It is present in red blood cells and has a high affinity for oxygen

Sites of gaseous exchange in plants

1. Stomata in leaves

2. Lenticelles in stems

3. General surface of roots

Timing and process of respiration in plants

At night photosynthesis tops and CO2 elimination is the main activity

During the day CO2 from respiration is used in photosynthesis so no CO2 is released instead oxygena is the primary gas released

During the day both photosynthesis and respiration occur whereas at night only respiration occurs

How do fishes breathe underwater

Fishes use guils to absorb dissolve to oxygen from water

They have a faster breathing rate than terrestrial organisms

This is because water has less dissolved oxygen than air