Unit 8 - Arteries of the Head

What are the branches of the common carotid artery?

- Caudal thyroid artery

- Cranial thyroid artery

- Internal carotid artery

- External carotid artery

The caudal thyroid artery is a ____________ vessel. Describe its origin.

- Small

- Variable origin; From base of common carotid artery or from brachiocephalic trunk

What does the caudal thyroid artery supply?

- Supplies blood to the trachea, esophagus, and thyroid gland

What is the origin of the cranial thyroid artery?

- Origin is in the region of the thyroid gland

What does the cranial thyroid artery supply?

- Supplies blood to the thyroid and parathyroid glands, pharyngeal muscles, larynx, cervical region of the trachea and esophagus via thyroid, pharyngeal, cricothyroid and muscular branches

Some branches of the cranial thyroid artery arise from what?

- Directly from the common carotid artery

The common carotid artery terminates into the internal and external carotid arteries _____________ to the medial retropharyngeal lymph node (at the level of the _____________ bone)

- Medial

- Basihyoid

What is the carotid sinus?

- A bulbous enlargement at the origin of the internal carotid artery which functions as a baroreceptor

What is the carotid body?

- A chemoreceptor which lies at the bifurcation of the external carotid artery and internal carotid artery

Describe the course of the internal carotid artery through the structures of the skull.

- Through the tympano-occipital fissure and then through the carotid canal, then emerges at the foramen lacerum, then loops back on intself to reenter the cranial cavity.

Which artery joins the loop of the internal carotid artery?

- Ascending pharyngeal artery

Within the cranial cavity, the internal carotid artery courses where?

- Penetrates the dura mater and courses through the blood-filled cavernous venous sinus that separates the dura into two layers

After perforating the dura, the internal carotid artery comes to lie where?

- In the subarachnoid space

The internal carotid artery trifurcates into what?

- Middle cerebral artery

- Rostral cerebral artery

- Caudal communicating artery

Which arteries supply blood to the cerebral arterial circle which supplies blood to the brain?

- Middle cerebral artery

- Rostral cerebral artery

- Caudal communicating artery

- Basilar artery

In the cat, the internal carotid artery is ____________ during the prenatal stage. What happens during development?

- Patent

- During post-natal development the proximal (extracranial) part of this artery gradually becomes ligamentous, and therefore does not carry blood to the brain. The intracranial part of the internal carotid remains patent, receiving blood via the ascending pharyngeal artery and the maxillary rete mirabile

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

- Occipital artery

- Cranial laryngeal artery

- Ascending pharyngeal artery

- Lingual artery

- Facial artery

- Caudal auricular artery

- Superficial temporal artery

- Maxillary artery (continuation of the external carotid artery)

Several branches of the _______________ artery supply blood to muscles on the caudal aspect of the skull.

- Occipital

The occipital artery supplies the meninges via which artery?

- The caudal meningeal artery

The occipital artery has an ________________ branch with the vertebral artery.

- Anastomotic

The cranial laryngeal artery courses to what? What is it located between?

- To the pharyngeal muscles and the larynx

- Located between the hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, and thyrohyoideus mm.

The ascending pharyngeal artery courses to what?

- To the soft palate and pharynx

How does the ascending pharyngeal artery end?

- Ends by anastomosing with the internal carotid artery

What is the primary blood supply to the tongue?

- Lingual artery

The lingual artery supplies the palatine tonsils via what artery?

- Via the tonsilar artery

Where is the lingual artery located?

- Located on the ventral surface of the tongue

Proximally, the lingual artery runs with what?

- Runs with the hypoglossal nerve

The facial artery has branches to the ____________ and ____________ salivary glands.

- Mandibular

- Sublingual

What does the sublingual artery course to?

- To the floor of the mouth (mylohyoideus and geniohyoideus mm.)

- To the tongue

Which nerve has branches to the face and nose (inferior and superior labial and angularis oris arteries)

- Facial artery

The caudal auricular artery supplies blood to the __________. Additional branches supply blood to the ___________ nerve, __________ and _______________ salivary glands, and what muscles?

- Ear

- Facial

- Mandibular and parotid

- Brachiocephalicus, sternocephalicus and temporalis mm.

The caudal auricular artery may arise from what?

- May arise from the external carotid artery more proximally

What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery?

- Masseteric artery

- Transverse facial artery

- Rostral auricular branch

- Temporal branches

- Superior and inferior palpebral

The external carotid artery gives rise to which arteries?

- Superficial temporal artery

- Maxillary artery

What are the branches of the maxillary artery?

- Inferior (mandibular) alveolar artery

- Caudal deep temporal artery

- Middle meningeal artery

- Rete mirabile (cat)

- External oprthalmic artery

- Rostral deep temporal artery

- Buccal artery

- Minor palatine artery

- Descending palatine artery

- Infraorbital artery

The inferior alveolar arteries (mandibular alveolar artery) enters the ___________ ____________ and courses through the _______________ _____________-.

- Mandibular foramen

- Mandibular canal

What artery supplies the roots of the mandibular teeth?

- Inferior alveolar artery

The inferior alveolar arteries continue as what?

- The mental arteries

What do the mental arteries supply?

- Supply the skin of the chin

The caudal deep temporal artery supplies what?

- The temporalis muscle

The middle meningeal artery passes through what? Its anastomosing branch joins what?

- Through the oval foramen

- Joins the branch of the external opthalmic artery

The middle meningeal artery supplies what?

- Supplies the meninges and part of the skull

In what animal is the maxillary rete mirabile present?

- Present in the cat

What is the maxillary rete mirabile?

- A complex network of arterioles near the oval foramen

Branches of the maxillary rete mirabile pass through what? What do they supply?

- Pass through the orbital fissure

- Supply the cerebral arterial circle

In the dog, after giving rise to the middle meningeal artery, the maxillary artery then passes through what?

- Through the caudal alar foramen, the alar canal, and the rostral alar foramen

What does the external opthalmic artery supply?

- Suplies structure within the periorbita including the extrinsic eye muscles and the lacrimal gland

The external ethmoidal artery arises from the _____________ _____________ artery and courses to what? The muscular branches supply the __________ _________ muscles and continue as the __________ ____________ and ____________ arteries.

- External opthalmic

- Courses to the ethmoidal labyrinth and nasal septum

- Supply the extrinsic ocular muscles

- Continue as anterior ciliary and episcleral arteries

The external opthalmic artery has an _______________ ______________ to the internal carotid artery and supplies the ____________.

- Anastomosic ramus

- Brain

The external opthalmic artery also forms an anastomosis with the ________________ ______________ artery (a branch of rostral cerebral artery).

- Internal opthalmic

One the external opthalmic artery forms an anastomosis with the internal opthalmic artery, it gives rise to what? What do they supply?

- To two posterior ciliary arteries which supply blood to the anterior portion of the eye

- One is the short posterior ciliary arteries which ramify the choroid and gives rise to the retinal arteries. The other is long posterior ciliary arteries which continue anteriorly to form the major arterial circle of the iris.

The rostral deep temporal artery is a branch of which artery? What does it supply?

- Branches from the maxillary artery

- To the temporalis m.

The buccal artery is a branch of which artery? What does it supply and where does it course?

- A branch of the maxillary artery

- Coursers with the buccal nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. to supply the zygomatic salivary gland, temporalis m., masseter m., and buccinator mm.

The minor palatine artery is a branch of which artery? What does it supply?

- Branches from the maxillary artery

- Supplies the soft and hard palates

Is the descending palatine artery always present? What artery is it a branch of and what branches off of it?

- May or may not be present

- Branches from maxillary artery

- Branches: Major palatine artery and sphenopalatine artery

Where does the major palatine artery course and what does it supply?

- Courses through the caudal palatine foramen to the minor palatine foramen to supply blood to the hard palate

Where does the sphenopalatine artery course and what does it supply?

- Passes through the sphenopalatine foramen to the interior of the nasal cavity

What artery is at risk during extractions of maxillary teeth?

- Major palatine artery

The infraorbital artery is a branch of what artery? Describe its course, branches, and what it supplies

- Branch of maxillary artery

- Infraorbital artery gives rise to alveolar branches to supply the caudal cheek teeth. It then enters the maxillary foramen and passes through the infraorbital canal. Within the canal, it gives rise to the alveolar branches which supply the premolars, canines, and incisors. The infraorbital artery than emerges from the infraorbital foramen to supply the nose and upper lip via dorsal and lateral nasal arteries

During the venous drainage of the eye, what does the angularis oculi vein drain into?

- To the facial vein

During the venous drainage of the eye, what does the opthalmic plexus drain into?

- Into the cavernous sinus and maxillary vein

In the venous drainage of the eye, there is an anastomosis of the ventral external opthalmic vein with what?

- With the facial vein