Kines 202 Exam 1

what is anatomy?

the study of the structure of the body

what is physiology?

the study of the function of the body

what are the 11 systems of the body?

respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, lymphatic/immune, integumentary, skeletal, muscualr, cardiovascular, and nervous

what are the two body cavities?

dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior)

what cavities are in the dorsal cavity?

cranial and spinal/vertebral

what cavities are in the ventral cavity?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

farther from the trunk

medial 

closer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

anterior

front side of the body

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

cranial

towards the head

cudal

towards the tail

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

farther from the surface

plantar

bottom of the foot

dorsal (foot)

top of the foot

plamar 

palm side of the hand 

dorsal (hand)

back of the hand 

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

varus

distal segment (foot) deviates toward midline relative to proximal segemnt

valgus

distal segment (foot) deviates away from the midline relative to proximal segemnt

sagittal plane 

divides the body into left and right halves 

What is thr axis for the sagittal plane?

mediolateral axis

what are the movements in the sagittal plane?

flexion, extension (hyperextension), dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion

frontal plane

divides the body into front and back halves

what is the axis for frontal plane?

anteroposterior axis

what maovements are in the frontal plane?

abduction/adduction, lateral flexion, elevation/depression, unlar and radial deviation, eversion/inversion

transverse plane 

divdes the body into top and bottom halves 

what axis is in the transverse plane?

longitudinal axis

what are the movements in the transverse plane?

internal/external rotation, pronation/supination, horizontal abduction/adduction

multi-joint exercises

bench press, bent-over rows, and squats

single joint exercises

knee extensions, bicep curls, lateral raises

what is an example of sagittal plane motion?

running

what is an example of frontal plane motion?

juming jacks

what is an example of transverse plane motion?

pirouette

how many bones are in the human body?

206

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126

% of mineral in bones

30

% of collagen in bones

30

% of water in bones

10

% of void space in bones

30

what is bone composed of?

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water

what is found in the void space?

bone marrow

what is bone made of?

cortical and cancellous bone 

cortical bone

low porosity, stiff, strong

cancellous bone (trabecular)

high porosity, injury prone, spongier/softer

Wolff’s Law (ON EXAM)

bone reshape themselves based upon stress — bone adapts to those stresses along the lines of stress

example of Wolff’s Law

jumping jacks = vertical line of stress

functions of the skeletal system (ON EXAM)

protection of the heart, lungs, brain, etc

support by maintaining posture

movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers

mineral storage such as calcium and phsphorus

hemopoiesis

What is hemopoiesis

process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

types of bones in the body (ON EXAM)

long bone

flat bone

short bone

irregular bone 

sesamoid bone (floating bone)

bone projections

condyle

epicondyle

crest

head

neck 

facet

spine

process

line

tubercle

tuberosity

trochanter

suture

bone depression

fossa

fovea

sulcus

sinus 

foramen

meatus

facet 

diaphysis

long shaft

epiphysis

most proximal and distal aspects of the long bone (the ends)

metaphysis

small section between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

edosteum

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

periosteum

tough outer sheath surrounding the bone except where the articular cartilage is

articular (hyaline) cartilage

covering the epiphysisi to provide cushioning and reduce friction

what are the three types of bone cells?

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

osteoblasts

responsible for building new bone

osteoclasts

responsible for breaking down bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells; maintain metabloism of the bone

fracture

a break in the continuity of bone

avulsion fracture

fracture where a fragment of bone tears away from the main bone mass

stress fracture 

microfracture in bone due to overuse

what is periostisis a precusor to?

osteoarthritis

what the difference between rheumatoid arthristis and osteoarthrists (ON EXAM)

RA is an autoimmune disorder while OA is not

ORIF

open reduction with internal fixation

osteoporosis 

decrease in bone mineral density 

muscle

muscle-tendon fucntional unit

muscle functions as.. (5) (ON EXAM)

energy converters

internal force generators 

actuators

pumps

temperature regulators 

types of muscles (3)

skeletal

cardiac

smooth 

skeletal muscle structure in order (ON EXAM)

whole muscle — fascicle — fiber — myofibril — myofilaments

what are the two types of myofilaments?

actin and myosin

t/f muscles forms into tendon to attach to the bone

true

epimysium

the layer that covers the entire muscle

perimysium

found around each fasicle

endomysium 

covers the individual muscle fibers 

motor unit

a single motor nueron and all of the muscle fibers that neuron innervates

origin

where a muscle begins (proximal ends)

insertion

where a muscle ends (distal ends)

what are the three types of muscle contractions?

concerntric, eccentric, and isometric

isometric contraction

tension is developed within muscle but there is no appreciable change in the length of the muscle or change in joint angle 

concentric contraction 

tension developed by muscle against resistant is suffiencent for the muscle to shorten 

eccentric contraction

tension developed by muscle agaisnt some resisitance is sufficient for the muscle to lengthen

agonist

prime mover

antagonist

muscle the performs action opposite of what the agonist is

hypertrophy (ON EXAM)

increase in size of muscle via increase in diameter of individual muscle fibers (large body buildier)

atrophy (ON EXAM)

decrease in size of muscle due to systematic under use of tissue (arm shrinking while being in cast)

how many weeks does it take to hypertrophy? how many to atrophy?

6 weeks; 2 weeks

where does a sprain happen?

joints and ligaments

where does strains happen?

any muscle in the body

muscle soreness

mild injury affecting the myofilaments and is associated with change in normal movement 

muscle strain

substantial tearing of the muscle fibers and connective tissue