Mental Health Midterm 1

Assessment and its steps

select appropriate test/interview, collect & interpret data

Dimensional approach

Abnormal behavior is constantly changing & can be placed on a continuum

Deviance

deviating from social/cultural norms (not all deviant behavior indicates mental illness)

5 D’s of Mental Disorder

Distress, Dysfunction, Deviance, Duration, Danger

Abnormal behavior

According to Freud, if behavior interferes with the ability to love, work, and play, it is abnormal

Trephination

Hole in the skull to release demons during Ancient Egypt

Psychoanalysis

Freud; unconscious forces, childhood development

Id

demands needs to be satisfied immediately

Ego

reality check; combo of id and superego

Superego

rules of society and school and parents

Denial

refusing to acknowledge painful realities

Repression

pushing unacceptable thoughts into unconscious

Synapse

the space where a neuron transmits impulses to another neuron

Cognitive therapy to mental illness

focuses on how the person thinks

Diathesis-stress model

illness is the result of the interaction between predisposing (in person) & precipitating (environment) factors

Biopsychosocial model

accounting for biological, psychological, and social factors in the diagnosis of an individual's treatment

Sympathetic nervous system

gets us into fight or flight mode

Outcome evaluation

analyzing the results of treatment for a patient to determine if the approach taken is working

Screening

whether this person has a certain psychological challenge that needs attention

Standardization (Normative vs Self-referent)

normative: compare score with sample of people representative of the population; self-referent: compare with person’s prior scores

Reliability (test-retest vs inter-rate agreement)

test-retest: patient takes test then retakes it some time later to ensure consistency; inter-rater agreement: across raters, multiple people observe/test individual and compare results

Longitudinal research

observe a person over multiple years, typically lifetime

Sensitivity of a test

ability to pick up problem (true positives)

proportion of people with disease who test positive

high sensitivity means high number of true positives and low number of false negatives (good!)

Specificity of a test

ability to rule out those without a problem (true negatives)

proportion of people without the disease

high specificity means high number of people without the disease + low number of people falsely diagnosed with it (good!)

Exorcism

Cast evil spirits out

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective; given images, asked to tell a story/describe what was happening in the image

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

objective (self-report) gets score, compares to standardized score, helps form diagnosis

Validity (construct, criterion, predictive)

is the test measuring what it's supposed to measure? (accuracy)

• Construct: the extent the test measures what we want it to test (concept)

• Criterion: how well test predicts outcome (ex: correlation) (person scores well on test on job skills; later does well in their job)

  • Predictive: how well it predicts future behavior

clinical interviews (structured vs unstructured) (good + bad)

unstructured: open & close-ended questions

• good: flexible

• bad: potentially unreliable

structured:

• good: structured

• bad: less flexible

Behavioral approach to mental illness

change the way one behaves and acts

Cognitive approach to mental illness

reframe the way one thinks

Function of the reinforcer in behavioral learning

encourages the behavior to encourage/stop

Comorbidity in anxiety disorders

ability to be diagnosed with more than one disorder; anxiety is often diagnosed with ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Depression

What is a diagnosis based on in psychology

symptoms, assessment results, interviews, behavior and thoughts of patient if they meet the criteria

DSM-5 and its characteristics

categorical approach (do you meet the criteria? (symptoms & functional impairment))

The first person who proposed to treat patients through occupational therapy

Benjamin rush

Who proposed moral treatment?

Phillippe Pinel & William Tuke

The reasons for clinical assessment

screening, diagnosis & treatment planning, outcome evaluation

DSM classification system and its characteristics

cluster of symptoms (syndrome) + make diagnosis

Purpose of a diagnosis

insurance reasons, ability to develop treatment plan, communication purposes

who founded analytic theory

jung

who founded individual psychology theory

adler

who founded ego psych

anna freud & erikson

who founded object relations theory

Mahler, Klein, Kohut

who founded classical conditioning

pavlov, watson, wolpe

who founded operant conditioning

skinner

who founded observational learning

bandura

who founded humanistic models

rogers, maslow

who founded existential models

Fromm, May

who founded cognitive models

Ellis, Beck