Vocab list- Quiz 1

Cell (plasma) membrane

the cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with interspersed w/ proteins. Some proteins have hormone receptors and move w/ the membrane. Membrane forms boundary of the cell and regulate entering and exiting of substances.

Centrome

important cytoskeleton organizer made w/ 2 centrioles + helps w/ transport thru ER and Golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate mitosis + aid with mitotic spindles.

Chromation

part of cells nuclear substance which forms most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; includes chromosomes + stains w/ dyes

Cytoskeleton

consists of proteins (microtubules + microfilaments) that provide framework for the cell that affects shape, locomotion, intracell transport, and gene expression

Endoplasmic membrane (ER)

Rough. The rough contains ribosomes which serve as the location of protein synthesis (translation).

Soft. works in steroidogenesis

basics: works in segregation, sorting, and transport of cellular products

Extracellular matrix

intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in extracellular space. This extracellular matrix is dynamic provides structural support and a reservoir for a # of biologically important molecules

Genome

total amount of genetic info in complete set of chromosomes

Golgi Apparatus

cellular organelle that does packaging and secretion of proteins

lysosomes

organelles service as intracellular digestive system that breaks down products that could originate inside or outside cell

Mitochondria

ATP production. has small amount of DNA (maternally contributed)

Microtubules + Microfilaments

components of cytoskeleton which supports structure support for a cell. Changes in extracellular matrix (in cytoskeleton) can cause changes in the cytoskeleton + nuclear matrix which changes gene expression.

Nucleus

contains chromosomes + is the site of DNA replication + RNA synthesis. Following transcription (mRNA synthesis), mRNA transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes

Alveolus

Oval sac lined with epithelial cells and having lumen. (mammary gland, air sac in lungs)

Cilium

Minute, hairlike process attached to luminal surface of certain cells

Duct

a tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland

Epithelium

tissue covering external and internal surfaces of the body, including linings of vessels + cavities. The description of an epithelium based on # of cell layer (simple or stratified) + shape of cells

Lumen

Hollow center of tubular organ

Mucosa

Epithelial lining, underlying connective tissue + glands if present

Muscularis

Layers of smooth muscle consisting of inner circular layer + outer longitudinal layer

Serosa

Outside covering of connective tissue. Present on organs that are within a body cavity

Pseudostratified

gives the false impression of being stratified

Simple

refers to a single layer of epithelial cells

Squamous

Plate-like cells that resemble scales

Stratified

refers to more than 1 layer of epithelial cells

Codon

mRNA it is a group of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific Animo acids

5’ Cap

methylated guanine residue added to the 5’ (start) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. The 5’ cap is important for export of the transcript from nucleus, increasing ½ of the transcript, and in promoting translation

Enhancer

A piece of DNA (regulatory element) to which a transcription factor binds to increase the rate of transcription

Exon

Protein coding region of a gene, represented in mature RNA transcript

HIR (hormone response element)

A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone stimulated transcription factor to alter rate of transcription of a proximal gene; specific examples are: ERE (estrogen response element), PRE (progesterone response element), and GRE (glucocorticoid response element)

Intron

portion of a gene that is transcribed to form the primary mRNA transcript (pre-mRNA), but is removed by splicing during processing into the mature mRNA transcript; does not encode the protein

Plasmid

circular piece of DNA in bacteria

Promoter

DNA sequence to which transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription

Polyadenylation

addition of poly (A) tail (string of A resides) to the 3’ end of mature mRNA during processing. The poly A) tail has the following functions: aids in the termination of translation, affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript from the nucleus, + is important for translation

Post-translational processing

alteration in the structure of a protein such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or proteolytic cleavage

RE (regulatory element)

Generic term for DNA sequence that binds to site for a transcription factor and a role in regulating the rate of transcription of proximal gene

RNA polymerase (RNA pol)

an enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter.

Transcription

transfer of info from a segment of double stranded DNA (gene) to a single strand of mRNA

Transcription factor (TF)

protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting with a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene

Translation (protein synthesis)

Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein

UTR (untranslated region)

region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is not translated into protein (upstream of the start codon = 5’ UTR, downstream of the stop codon 3/ UTR)

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