CHEM.

solid to liquid

heat of fusion

liquid to gas

Heat of Vaporation

phase change from solid to gas (dry ice)

sublimation

attraction of like molecules

cohesion

attraction of unlike molecules

adhesion

honey

high viscosity

water

low viscosity

resistance to flow

viscosity

rate of evaporation

volatility

gas particles escape from surface of liquid

vapor pressure

directly proportional

vapor pressure related to temperature

inversely proportional

vapor pressure related to air pressure

Vapor pressure must be equal or higher than air pressure for liquid to boil (boiling point)

How is vapor pressure related to boiling point

energy from heat is being used to break IMFs to spread particles

Why the temperature remains constant while ice is melting even though heat is being added

liquid to gas, IMFs are completely broken instead of just "loosened" when solid to liquid

Why is the heat of vaporization so much greater than the heat of fusion?

steam has more energy stored in molecules

Why is a burn from steam (100 C) worse than a burn from water (100 C)?

water molecules use energy from skin to break IMFs to evaporate, a cooling process

Why do you feel cool when you sweat.

keep vapor, more pressure, IMFs need more energy to break, boil higher temp. and more heat, less time to cook

How pressure cookers speed the cooking process up

less air pressure, IMF can break with less energy, boil at lower temp and less heat, longer to cook

Why it takes longer to cook in a higher altitude?

change in temperature

Kinetic Energy

constant temperature

Potential Energy

higher, mp/bp and surface tensions, lower, vapor pressure and volatility

STRONGER IMF/bond, the ____ the ____, and the ____ the ____.

lower, mp/bp and surface tensions, higher, vapor pressure and volatility

WEAKER IMF/bond the ____ the ____, and the ____ the ____.

A homogeneous mixture where the solvent is water.

Aqueous Solution

dissolving

Ionic solvation (also called hydration or dissociation)

molecules separate when positive atom (attracts O) and negative molecule (attracts H)

why ions dissolve

substance conducts electric current in aqueous solution or molven state

Electrolyte

Agitation (stirring), temperature, pressure, particle size of the solute (surface area)

factors of solubility/dissolution

solution with a relatively large amount of dissolved solute

concentrated solution

solution with a relatively SMALL amount of dissolved solute.

Dilute solution

M = moles of solute / liters of solution

• 1 mole = molar mass (grams, use PT, nearest tenth)

• 1L=1000mL

Molarity

Measure to (answer) into a volumetric flask. Then add enough water to get a total volume of (given volume)

How to prepare (Molarity)

(M₁)(V₁)=(M₂)(V₂)

solution dilution formula

1. (acid) start with flask half full

2. Add (answer in mL) of (#of stock solution) to a flask. Add enough water to reach a total volume of (Volume 1).

solution dilution (prepare)

Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen-Bonding, Metallic, Ionic, Covalent Network

strength of IMF in order from weakest to strongest

skin on surface of a liquid, caused by cohesion of molecules

surface tension