Perodic Table Trends

Periods

Rows of the table, elements in a period show patterns that repeat

Groups/Families

Columns of the table, elements in the same group have similar properties

Non-metal properties

Dull, non conductive, brittle, gases or liquids.

Metal Properties

Conductive, shiny, malleable, ductiles

Metalloid Properties

between metal & non metal

Main Group

Group 1A, 2A (Very reactive) and Groups 3A-8A (More inert). They are labeled with an A.

Transition Metals

In between the main groups. They are labeled with a B.

Atomic Radius

½ distance of a bond between to atoms

Factors that effect atomic radius (3)

1. Effective nuclear charge increases (dependent on # of protons)

2. Number of electrons

3. Orbital Size

Atomic Radius Trend on Table

Increases more on the LEFT and increases even more moving DOWN.

Ion Electron Configuration

“A-group” ions adopting the nearest noble-gas configuration. Many ions are isoelectronic (=equal number of electrons)

ex: [Ne], F-, O2-, N3-, Na+, Mg 2+, etc.

Ionic Radii

Size of Ions

Ionic size depends on: (3)

1. # of protons

2. # of electrons

3. orbital in which electrons reside (Cations are smaller than parent atoms, anions are larger than parent items)

Ionic Radii Trend on table

Increases more on the LEFT and increases even more moving DOWN..

Ionization Energy

amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion

Ionization requires the input of energy to remove the electron. The lower the IE, the ___ the electron is to be removed.

easier

1st ionization

Removing the 1st electron from a neutral atom

2nd ionization

Start w/ +1 cation and remove an electron

Ionization Energy Table Trend

IE increases as it moves UP a group and RIGHT. IE decreases as we go down because less tightly held electrons whereas increases as we move across because smaller atoms = tightly held.

Ionization Energy Trend Exceptions

Group 6A due to half-filled shells

Electron Affinity

Increases Left → Right. Metals have low EA whereas nonmetals have high EA.

Metal Atoms tend to…

give up electrons to form positive ions; They have low IE, cations, and low EA

Nonmetal Atoms tend to…

gain electrons to form negative ions; they have high IE, anions, and high EA