Chapter 10 - Development

Trust Vs Mistrust

The crisis occurring in the first year, according to Erikson, is one involving:

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

age of viability

The age at which the baby can first survive in the event of a premature birth.

accommodation

Changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences, Piaget term

cephalocaudal trend

The head-to-foot direction of motor development.

proximoldistal trend

The center-outward direction of motor development.

developmental norms

The average ages at which people display certain behaviors and abilities.

temperament

Characteristic mood, energy level, and reactivity. Mostly genetic.

longitudinal

One group of subjects is observed over a long period of time.

cross-sectional

Investigators compare groups of subjects of differing ages at a single point in time.

separation anxiety

Emotional distress displayed by an infant when separated from a person with whom it has formed an attachment.

cognitive development

Development of thinking, reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.

habituation

The gradual reduction in response strength that occurs when people are repeatedly exposed to some event.

dishabituation

The increase in response strength that occurs when people are exposed to a new stimulus event.

object permanence

A mental capacity that involves recognizing that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

conservation

Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

centration

The Piagetian term for the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem and neglect other important features.

irreversibility

The inability to cognitively visualize reversing an action.

egocentrism

Thinking characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint.

assimilation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of mental structures already available, a concept from Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

animism

The attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.

secure attachment

A close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver.

maturation

Developmental changes that reflect one's genetic blueprint rather than environment.

zygote

A one-celled organism created by the process of fertilization, the union of sperm and egg.

gender-roles

Expectations concerning what is the appropriate behavior for each sex.

Erik Eriksen

Partitioned the life span into eight stages, each accompanied by a psychosocial crisis.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Developed a stage theory of moral development.

self-socialization

Once children discover that their gender is permanent, they are likely to want to engage in behavior that is "sex appropriate," as defined by their culture. This process is referred to as:

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage; reflexes at first, then exploration by observing and exploring one's environment

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage; uses symbolic representation, but with several limitations

Concrete Operations Stage

Piaget's third stage; mental manipulations possible, but at first only with objects the child can touch or see

Formal Operations Stage

Piaget's fourth stage; abstract thought possible

Pre-Conventional

Kohlberg's first level of morality; fear or punishment or naive rewards

Conventional

Kohlberg's second level of morality; good girl/boy, then an authority orientation

Post-Conventional

Kohlberg's thrid level of morality; universal ethical principles of conscience

personal fable

Adolescent attitude of invincibility or unique status

Identity Foreclosure

Blindly accepting the identity suggested by parents (Marcia's term)

Identity Diffusion

No conflict, no care about one's identity

Identity Moratorium

Having an identity conflict, but no permanent decisions made

Lev Vygotsky

Russian theorist who stressed social interactions as the key factor in cognitive development; claimed learning precedes development

Germany

Country with high avoidant attachment patterns

Japan

Country with high anxious ambivalent attachment patterns

Avoidant Attachment

ignores the caregiver - showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or return

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

low avoidance and high anxiety. Infants with this style are insecure and overemotional when it comes to their mothers. They are anxious when the mother is there and when she is absent.

private speech/talk

Vygotsky's term for language spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior

identity foreclosure

the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives

identity diffusion

the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way

identity moratorium

a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives

identity achievement

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

Mary Ainsworth

compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

Bowlby's theory of attachment

newborn is biologically equipped to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers

Belsky's perspective on attachment

the safety or harshness of the environment influences mating strategies; harsh environment = more opportunistic mating strategy (more partners)

mid-life crisis

a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite

crystallized intelligence

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

fluid intelligence

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

social learning theory of gender

Kids learn gender roles by observing and imitating models because they are rewarded or punished based on whom they imitate

cognitive developmental theory of gender

Argues that a child's thought processes are

primarily responsible for gender role

development; places emphasis on self-socialization and gender schemas; they learn the male

and female rules through active involvement

with their environment

gender schemas

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories, sets of ideas) about gender

Carole Gilligan

maintained the Kohlberg's work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgment of men and women

authoritarian parenting (Baumrind's theory)

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

authoritative parenting (Baumrind's theory)

Style in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexible in enforcing rules

permissive parenting (Baumrind's theory)

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.