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What is urbanisation?

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1

What is urbanisation?

The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities

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2

Give 4 global patterns of urbanisation:

  1. Urban pop has gone from 2.49 mil in 1950 to 3.9 mil in 2024

  2. Fastest growing urban areas are in Africa and Asia

  3. India is predicted that 20% of cities that will exist in 2040 have not yet been built

  4. The total urban world population is expected to hit 6 billion by 2025.

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3

Urbanisation and its challenges:

  • Need more foot, sanitisation and education

  • Sustainable cities

  • Vertical cities → social sustainable?

  • Very populated cities

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4

What is a mega city and how many are there?

  • Mega city= 10mins + population

  • 1990 : 10

  • 2014 : 28

  • 2025 : UN predicted 37 megacities

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5

What is a city with 20mil + population?

Metacity = over 20 mil people

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6

What are the push and pull factors of rural to urban migration?

Push factors:

  • Lack of jobs/education

  • Lack of security → in civil wars people evacuate rural villages in LIC’s

Pull factors:

  • Better standard of living/quality of life

  • More jobs → industrialisation in developing countries

  • Universities

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7

What is urban sprawl?

Spread of an urban area int surrounding countryside

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8

What are the consequences of urban growth in LIC’s?

  1. Not enough homes in urban areas = poor living standard

  2. Proportion of people living in slums going down but people living there goes up because of global population going up

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9

What are the consequences of urban growth in HIC’s?

  • Slums do not occurs because of welfare system and HIC’s already redeveloped

  • Increase in house and rent prices

  • Example: Heygate estate → elephant park

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10

What does a lack of adequate services in urban areas do?

  • Water = spread of disease = unprotected/unhealthy population

  • Electricity = no lighting/ access to internet

  • Transport routes = harder to find jobs, congestion

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11

What is suburbanisation?

Process whereby the suburbs grow as a result of rural to urban migration, but also decentralisation.

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12

In Britain, what are the suburbs life?

High density residential areas and have rural characteristics like larger gardens and green space.

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13

What is a example of Industrial Revolution suburban housing?

Jesmond in Newcastle is North of the city and well away from the old industrial areas south of the river

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14

Newcastle: what is an example of interwar suburban housing?

Plot sizes where semidetached and detached housing was favourable. High density. → new castle - recreational (local shops and low buildings).

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15

What are arguments for Newcastle great park?

  • 2500 homes in parkland, setting of 442 hectares extra 1200 tones announced to be built from 2013 → 3700 total

  • 80 hectares of commercial development

  • Moves put into landscaping and sustainable urban drainage - reduce amount of flooding

  • Plans for 1200 pupil secondary school

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16

What are the arguments against Newcastle great park?

  • £200,000 3 story house prices, beyond average wage of people in Newcastle

  • Concerned it will effect red squirrel and deer population

  • Contradict Greenbelt principle

  • Space for 20,000 high quality homes on brown field sights near city - why not there instead?

  • Contradict greenbelt principles

  • No guarantee for ob creation

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17

What are the pros and cons of the inner city?

Pros:

  • Good accessibility to services

  • More workers for businesses

  • Opportunity for redevelopment

Cons:

  • Less green space

  • More pollution

  • Increase congestion

  • Doughnut effect

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18

What are the pros ad cans of the rural-urban fringe?

Pros:

  • Improve infrastructure

  • Access and service improvements

Cons:

  • More pressure on services

  • Increased house price

  • Loss in greenfield sites

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19

Why does suburbanisation happen?

  • People move to suburbs because its still close to city but may have more green space then inner city

  • Will become more densely populated the more people move there → leads to urban sprawl

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20

There are transport issues in all cities, what are the figures in Auckland New-Zealand?

  1. 22nd most congested

  2. Per person per year wastes 20 days in traffic

  3. Bus network only 87% reliable due to bus driver shortage

  4. Hard to live in city without a car

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21

Why do transport issues occur?

Many cities urbanisation is happening faster then transport can keep up.

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22

What is counter-urbanisation?

The migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements ad rural areas

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23

Why does counter-urbanisation happen?

  • People are preferring countryside

  • Rural areas, cheaper housing

  • Less air pollution? Quieter

  • In theory less crime

  • Better for family

  • Can work from home more

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24

What are the characteristics of counter-urbanisation?

  • New modern housing estates

  • Road improvements

  • Younger demographics ‘yuppies’ - young and up coming professionals

  • Dormitory settlements - commuter settlements - no jobs.

  • High level internet connection

  • Thriving primary school

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25

What is urban resurgance?

Regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline.

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26

How has urban resurgence been seen?

In recent years, in many cities, gentrification and regeneration schemes have made city living more attaractive

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27

What is gentrification?

The process whereby the character of a poor urban areas is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process.

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28

What are some characteristics of urban resurgence?

  • Converted old industrial buildings

  • Financial/business/consumer/cultural services

  • Relatively young affluent demographic (student graduates, young professionals, migrants).

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29

What are the causes of urban resurgance? (UK)

  • Results of the blitz in ww2, rapidly built poor tower - block housing → renowned for poor quality , high crime and other social issues

  • Deindustrialisation → leads to unemployment and derelict factories

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30

What does suburbanisation + counter urbanisation do?

Suburbanisation + counter urbanisation = decentralisation

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31

How are areas ‘resurged’?

  • Gentrification : improvement of areas by private individuals

  • Government led schemes : government sells land to property developers or directly funds improvements

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32

What is the location of St Ives?

  • 20 miles north of London

  • 8km of Huntingdon and 25km of Cambridge

  • Town grew though counter-urbanisation → in 1961 had a population foo 3800, in 2010 it had a population of 16,400

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33

What are the characteristics/causes of increased population in St Ives?

  • Has good links to Cambridge + London

  • Quarter of people commute into London each day

  • Town popular because: 15th century chapel, Victorian and Georgian houses and picturesque town

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34

What are the impacts too St Ives?

Negative impacts:

  • Traffic congestion

  • House price average rose from 130,000 to 291,000 in 10ths

  • River Greatous flood problems because build on flood plains

  • Put more pressure on schools

Postive impacts:

  • More shops ad services

  • Population structure changed, originally ageing - now younger demographic.

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35

What are the solutions for St Ives?

  • 2010 built 200 new homes - 25 will be affordable aimed at people with lower incomes

  • Expand primary schools- 240 more places

  • Flood protection costing 8.8mil completed → new embankments and flood walls

  • 116mil busway to connect st Ives to Huntingstdon and Cambridge built.

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36

What are urban (regen) policies?

Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems → regen policies.

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37

How has regeneration changed in the UK?

  • Started as a ‘top down’ → investing in businesses

  • Recently more ‘bottom up’ → investing communities

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38

What is property led regeneration? (1979-1991)

When private enterprises spend public money on buying land, building infrastructure, and marketing land to attract investors.

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39

Wha successes and failures did property led regeneration have?

Failures:

  • Little done to tackle social problems

  • Locals didn’t tend to benefit from from new homes and jobs created

  • Local communities had little involvement

Successes:

  • Created 190,000 jobs nationally

  • Effective at attracting new businesses into run down areas

  • 12 billion in private sector investment

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40

What happened at the property led regeneration scheme for the London Docklands?

  • Business port - big boats couldn’t use.

  • Lots of factories closing

  • Lack of jobs

  • Roads congested

After regeneration:

Successes:

  • 200,000 trees planted

  • 27k-90k new jobs

  • 2200 new homes

  • Leisure facilities

  • Links with central London

Failures:

  • Failed for people who use to be dock workers (undereducated for the new job opportunities).

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41

What is a city partnership scheme? 1991-1997

  • Led by local authorities with private sector and local communities

  • Cities had to complete for government grants

  • ‘Best bits’ were awarded funding

  • More emphasis on social issues

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42

What were city partnership schemes successes and failures?

Successes:

  • Improved 40,000 homes

  • Created 53,000 jobs

  • Equal importance to buildings, people and values

Failures:

  • Grants should be given based on needs, not bids

  • Criteria for successful bids not clear

  • Neighbouring authorities competed against each other rather than working together.

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43

What were the effects of the city partnership scheme to Hulme city?

  • Hulme is an ex-industrial suburb in Manchester which became run down and experienced decline

  • In the 1970’s Hulme’s crescent flats were recognised as a pro design

Successes:

  • Hulme arch bridge

  • New road infrastructure

  • 2000 new homes

  • Regeneration of the princess road

  • Birles field business park

Failures:

  • Supposed to have 3000 homes

  • Long process

  • Still one of highest crime rates in Manchester

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44

What is a local enterprise partnership?

  • Established in 2014

  • Voluntary partnership between local authorities

  • 39 in UK

  • Offers areas reduced corporate/business tax rates, financial allowances for machines and buildings and simpler planning regulation, to encourage ‘business led’ economic growth

  • ‘Theory is’ businesses will relocate to low tax zones, creating employment and growth.

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45

What are the success and failures of local enterprise partnerships?

Successes:

  • Minimal government spending

  • Businesses provide employment

Failures:

  • Focused on economic improvements

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46

What did the local enterprise partnership in Lancashire do?

2013a business growth hub was established to support small and medium sized businesses in the area

Successes:

  • 20mil transport improvements planned

  • 62mil BT investment will install super fast broadband across 97% of the rel=gion

  • 6000 high-skilled jobs in advanced engineering and manufacturing sector.

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47

What causes deindustrialisation?

  • Mechanisation- using machines rather than people

  • Competition- industrialising. Countries abroad such as Taiwan, South Korea, India and China

  • Reduction in demands for traditional products

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48

What were the effects of deindustrialisation?

  • Job losses in urban areas

  • Cities in the manufacturing heartlands suffered more than those with wildly diverse economies → depending on the site, the urban economy and the actions of the local governments

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49

What does urban forms mean?

Physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, including the shape, size, density and organisation of settlements.

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50

What is the CBD? (Central buisness district)

Centre, high value land means only high end businesses/residential use.

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51

What is the inner city?

In the industrial period was used for factories and terraced hosing because land values cheaper. Many of he areas face issues with deindustrialisation

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52

What are the suburbs?

Lower density housing. Typically semi-detached, more green space, higher standard of living. Surrounded by rural-urban fringe.

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53

What are the benefits of megacities?

  • Diverse community

  • Entertainment

  • Opportunities for equal status

  • Business

  • Job opportunities

  • Centre of innovations

  • 2 too 3 times more GPD (gross domestic product) than other cities

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54

What are world cities?

Cities which have a greater influence on a global scale, because of their financial status, and worldwide commercial power

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