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What is urbanisation?
The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
Give 4 global patterns of urbanisation:
Urban pop has gone from 2.49 mil in 1950 to 3.9 mil in 2024
Fastest growing urban areas are in Africa and Asia
India is predicted that 20% of cities that will exist in 2040 have not yet been built
The total urban world population is expected to hit 6 billion by 2025.
Urbanisation and its challenges:
Need more foot, sanitisation and education
Sustainable cities
Vertical cities → social sustainable?
Very populated cities
What is a mega city and how many are there?
Mega city= 10mins + population
1990 : 10
2014 : 28
2025 : UN predicted 37 megacities
What is a city with 20mil + population?
Metacity = over 20 mil people
What are the push and pull factors of rural to urban migration?
Push factors:
Lack of jobs/education
Lack of security → in civil wars people evacuate rural villages in LIC’s
Pull factors:
Better standard of living/quality of life
More jobs → industrialisation in developing countries
Universities
What is urban sprawl?
Spread of an urban area int surrounding countryside
What are the consequences of urban growth in LIC’s?
Not enough homes in urban areas = poor living standard
Proportion of people living in slums going down but people living there goes up because of global population going up
What are the consequences of urban growth in HIC’s?
Slums do not occurs because of welfare system and HIC’s already redeveloped
Increase in house and rent prices
Example: Heygate estate → elephant park
What does a lack of adequate services in urban areas do?
Water = spread of disease = unprotected/unhealthy population
Electricity = no lighting/ access to internet
Transport routes = harder to find jobs, congestion
What is suburbanisation?
Process whereby the suburbs grow as a result of rural to urban migration, but also decentralisation.
In Britain, what are the suburbs life?
High density residential areas and have rural characteristics like larger gardens and green space.
What is a example of Industrial Revolution suburban housing?
Jesmond in Newcastle is North of the city and well away from the old industrial areas south of the river
Newcastle: what is an example of interwar suburban housing?
Plot sizes where semidetached and detached housing was favourable. High density. → new castle - recreational (local shops and low buildings).
What are arguments for Newcastle great park?
2500 homes in parkland, setting of 442 hectares extra 1200 tones announced to be built from 2013 → 3700 total
80 hectares of commercial development
Moves put into landscaping and sustainable urban drainage - reduce amount of flooding
Plans for 1200 pupil secondary school
What are the arguments against Newcastle great park?
£200,000 3 story house prices, beyond average wage of people in Newcastle
Concerned it will effect red squirrel and deer population
Contradict Greenbelt principle
Space for 20,000 high quality homes on brown field sights near city - why not there instead?
Contradict greenbelt principles
No guarantee for ob creation
What are the pros and cons of the inner city?
Pros:
Good accessibility to services
More workers for businesses
Opportunity for redevelopment
Cons:
Less green space
More pollution
Increase congestion
Doughnut effect
What are the pros ad cans of the rural-urban fringe?
Pros:
Improve infrastructure
Access and service improvements
Cons:
More pressure on services
Increased house price
Loss in greenfield sites
Why does suburbanisation happen?
People move to suburbs because its still close to city but may have more green space then inner city
Will become more densely populated the more people move there → leads to urban sprawl
There are transport issues in all cities, what are the figures in Auckland New-Zealand?
22nd most congested
Per person per year wastes 20 days in traffic
Bus network only 87% reliable due to bus driver shortage
Hard to live in city without a car
Why do transport issues occur?
Many cities urbanisation is happening faster then transport can keep up.
What is counter-urbanisation?
The migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements ad rural areas
Why does counter-urbanisation happen?
People are preferring countryside
Rural areas, cheaper housing
Less air pollution? Quieter
In theory less crime
Better for family
Can work from home more
What are the characteristics of counter-urbanisation?
New modern housing estates
Road improvements
Younger demographics ‘yuppies’ - young and up coming professionals
Dormitory settlements - commuter settlements - no jobs.
High level internet connection
Thriving primary school
What is urban resurgance?
Regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline.
How has urban resurgence been seen?
In recent years, in many cities, gentrification and regeneration schemes have made city living more attaractive
What is gentrification?
The process whereby the character of a poor urban areas is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process.
What are some characteristics of urban resurgence?
Converted old industrial buildings
Financial/business/consumer/cultural services
Relatively young affluent demographic (student graduates, young professionals, migrants).
What are the causes of urban resurgance? (UK)
Results of the blitz in ww2, rapidly built poor tower - block housing → renowned for poor quality , high crime and other social issues
Deindustrialisation → leads to unemployment and derelict factories
What does suburbanisation + counter urbanisation do?
Suburbanisation + counter urbanisation = decentralisation
How are areas ‘resurged’?
Gentrification : improvement of areas by private individuals
Government led schemes : government sells land to property developers or directly funds improvements
What is the location of St Ives?
20 miles north of London
8km of Huntingdon and 25km of Cambridge
Town grew though counter-urbanisation → in 1961 had a population foo 3800, in 2010 it had a population of 16,400
What are the characteristics/causes of increased population in St Ives?
Has good links to Cambridge + London
Quarter of people commute into London each day
Town popular because: 15th century chapel, Victorian and Georgian houses and picturesque town
What are the impacts too St Ives?
Negative impacts:
Traffic congestion
House price average rose from 130,000 to 291,000 in 10ths
River Greatous flood problems because build on flood plains
Put more pressure on schools
Postive impacts:
More shops ad services
Population structure changed, originally ageing - now younger demographic.
What are the solutions for St Ives?
2010 built 200 new homes - 25 will be affordable aimed at people with lower incomes
Expand primary schools- 240 more places
Flood protection costing 8.8mil completed → new embankments and flood walls
116mil busway to connect st Ives to Huntingstdon and Cambridge built.
What are urban (regen) policies?
Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems → regen policies.
How has regeneration changed in the UK?
Started as a ‘top down’ → investing in businesses
Recently more ‘bottom up’ → investing communities
What is property led regeneration? (1979-1991)
When private enterprises spend public money on buying land, building infrastructure, and marketing land to attract investors.
Wha successes and failures did property led regeneration have?
Failures:
Little done to tackle social problems
Locals didn’t tend to benefit from from new homes and jobs created
Local communities had little involvement
Successes:
Created 190,000 jobs nationally
Effective at attracting new businesses into run down areas
12 billion in private sector investment
What happened at the property led regeneration scheme for the London Docklands?
Business port - big boats couldn’t use.
Lots of factories closing
Lack of jobs
Roads congested
After regeneration:
Successes:
200,000 trees planted
27k-90k new jobs
2200 new homes
Leisure facilities
Links with central London
Failures:
Failed for people who use to be dock workers (undereducated for the new job opportunities).
What is a city partnership scheme? 1991-1997
Led by local authorities with private sector and local communities
Cities had to complete for government grants
‘Best bits’ were awarded funding
More emphasis on social issues
What were city partnership schemes successes and failures?
Successes:
Improved 40,000 homes
Created 53,000 jobs
Equal importance to buildings, people and values
Failures:
Grants should be given based on needs, not bids
Criteria for successful bids not clear
Neighbouring authorities competed against each other rather than working together.
What were the effects of the city partnership scheme to Hulme city?
Hulme is an ex-industrial suburb in Manchester which became run down and experienced decline
In the 1970’s Hulme’s crescent flats were recognised as a pro design
Successes:
Hulme arch bridge
New road infrastructure
2000 new homes
Regeneration of the princess road
Birles field business park
Failures:
Supposed to have 3000 homes
Long process
Still one of highest crime rates in Manchester
What is a local enterprise partnership?
Established in 2014
Voluntary partnership between local authorities
39 in UK
Offers areas reduced corporate/business tax rates, financial allowances for machines and buildings and simpler planning regulation, to encourage ‘business led’ economic growth
‘Theory is’ businesses will relocate to low tax zones, creating employment and growth.
What are the success and failures of local enterprise partnerships?
Successes:
Minimal government spending
Businesses provide employment
Failures:
Focused on economic improvements
What did the local enterprise partnership in Lancashire do?
2013a business growth hub was established to support small and medium sized businesses in the area
Successes:
20mil transport improvements planned
62mil BT investment will install super fast broadband across 97% of the rel=gion
6000 high-skilled jobs in advanced engineering and manufacturing sector.
What causes deindustrialisation?
Mechanisation- using machines rather than people
Competition- industrialising. Countries abroad such as Taiwan, South Korea, India and China
Reduction in demands for traditional products
What were the effects of deindustrialisation?
Job losses in urban areas
Cities in the manufacturing heartlands suffered more than those with wildly diverse economies → depending on the site, the urban economy and the actions of the local governments
What does urban forms mean?
Physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, including the shape, size, density and organisation of settlements.
What is the CBD? (Central buisness district)
Centre, high value land means only high end businesses/residential use.
What is the inner city?
In the industrial period was used for factories and terraced hosing because land values cheaper. Many of he areas face issues with deindustrialisation
What are the suburbs?
Lower density housing. Typically semi-detached, more green space, higher standard of living. Surrounded by rural-urban fringe.
What are the benefits of megacities?
Diverse community
Entertainment
Opportunities for equal status
Business
Job opportunities
Centre of innovations
2 too 3 times more GPD (gross domestic product) than other cities
What are world cities?
Cities which have a greater influence on a global scale, because of their financial status, and worldwide commercial power
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