Three major macromolecules in life (ch 10)

What are the three major macromolecules in cells

DNA, RNA, and proteins

role of DNA?

store genetic information which can be used to make proteins

genome

all DNA in a cell or virsus

What type of genome is in bacteria and archaea

one set (haploid) so one chromosomes

what type of genome is in eukaryotes

2 sets (diploid) so 2 chromosomes

where did people originally think genetic information was stored in?

proteins

what was griffith experiment

griffith mixed smooth (pathogenic +capsule) and rough (nonpathogenic + no capsule)

what was griffith goal in the experiment

see if you can turn rough strain into smooth strain so from nonpathogenic to pathogenic

what happened when the smooth strain is heat killed

the mouse does not die

what happened when heat killed smooth strain and rough strain are mixed

mouse dies because the r strain picked up virulence factors that was released by s strain

what did avery, macleod, and mccarty try to do in their experiment

if it was DNA, RNA or protein that did the transformation effect

what were in all three test tubes for the experiment with the three guys

r cells and heat killed s cells

what was different in the test tubes for the experiment with the three guys

one had protease, one had RNase and one had DNase

what were the results from the experiment with the three guys

The tube with protease and RNase made S colonies while the one with DNase made no colonies

what does bacteriophage do

they infect bacteria and they contain DNA and proteins

what did hershey and chase try to find

they labelled phages that infect bacterial cells and wanted to see if the DNA or the protein from bacteriophage and see what actually went into the bacterial cell

what were the results from the hershey and chase experiment

The DNA part actually went into the bacterial cell

what is the central dogma

DNA to RNA to protein

what happens in transcription

makes RNA copy of specific genes to make proteins

what does tRNA do?

carries appropriate amino acids for the chain

what does translation do?

uses info from messenger RNA to make a polypeptide and uses tRNA and rRNA

who helped figure out structure of DNA

rosalind franklin, james watson, and francis crick

what was rosalind’s contribution to DNA

determined the basses of DNA

what does DNA contain

5 carbon sugar (2-deoxyribose), phosphate group on 5’ carbon sugar, nitrogenous base on 1’ carbon sugar

what does nucleoside made up of

base (purine or pyrimidine) hooked up to our sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

what is nucelotide made up of

nucleoside with phosphate

what is nucleic acid made up of

string of nucleotides or deoxynucleotides together

how many hydrogen bonds between A and T

2

how many hydrogen bonds between C and G

3

what bases is easier to pull apart for DNA

A and T

what types of bonds make the sugar/phosphate backbone of each strand

phosphodiester covalent bonds

OH is connected to what?

3’ end of deoxyribose

phosphate is connected to what?

5’ end of deoxyribose

why are minor and major grooves important?

they regulate different things

DNA is usually in what form

B form (right sided)

how is bacteria DNA packaged

singular circular chromosome, no histones

how is archaea DNA packaged

singular circular chromosome packaged around histone protein

how is eukarya packaged

many linear chromosomes packaged around histone proteins

what is the purpose of histones?

protects DNA

what happens with DNA when it is unfolded

loops get supercoiled

how does DNA replicate?

pull strands apart, first generation DNA has one strand that is parental and one new strand

3 steps for DNA replication

initiation, elongation, termination

how many origin of replications are there

1

Bi-directional replication is used for which chromosomes

circular chromosomes

what is ter

site where replication ends (opposite from site of replication)

how many chromosomes result from DNA replication of circular chromosomes

2 circular chromosomes

replicon

all DNA replicated at the same time

who is replicating in DNA replication

DNA polymerase III

what are the subunits in DNA polymerase III

B clamp, core enzyme, DnaB helicase, y complex, t

what is the direction new DNA is made in?

5’ to 3’

what is needed to replicate DNA?

template, free 3’ OH group, dntp and polymerase III

what does DnaA (initiator protein) bind to

oriC (sequence of 9 base pair repeats) which leads to conformational change

what is in 13 base pair repeat region

A and T

what happens at 13-bp repeats

they start to seperate and bend

what happens with DnaB and DnaC?

strand bends and pull apart, and DnaB binds to DnaC and it helps being DnaB over to oriC so DnaC will unwind strands

Dna gyrase

help relieve tension in supercoils so helicase can unwind things

what do SSB proteins do

help keep strands apart

what does DnaG do

lay down RNA primers so DNA polymerase can extend DNA strand