BIOL 2460 final exam

hippocrates

father of western medicine

disease not supernatural

miasma theory

thought diseases were caused by “bad air”

thucydides

father of scientific history

marcus terentius

said things cannot see cause disease

created res rusticae & animal minuta

leeuwenhoek

father of microbiology

used magnifying lens to observe animalcules in rain drop

louis pasteur

fermentation & spoilage

robert koch

connected pathogen with specific disease

anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis

carolus linnaeus

created kingdom tree for plants & animals

ernst haeckel

added to morphology tree with MONERA & PROTISTS

robert whittaker

added to morphology tree with FUNGI

woese & fox

small ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences

3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eukarya

sublevels order

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

binomial nomenclature example

H. sapiens

microbe smallest to biggest

atom

fullerene molecule

lipids

protein

polio virus

flu virus

smallpox virus

bacteria/mitochondria

red blood cell

animal/plant cell

human egg & pollen

frog egg

algae (chap 1)

photosynthetic

unicellular/multicellular

cellulose wall

eukaryotic

protozoa (chap 1)

unicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

fungi (chap 1)

multicellular & unicellular (yeasts)

chitin cell walls

eukaryotic

helminths (chap 1)

multicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

bacteria (chap 1)

unicellular

prokaryotic

pepidoglycan wall

some photosynthetic

archaea (chap 1)

unicellular

prokaryotic

pseudo-peptidoglycan wall

wavelengths

longer wavelengths = lower frequency

light reflection

wave bounce off

light absorbance

wave captured

light transmission

wave travel through

light interference

interact w/ another wave

light diffraction

wave bent or scattered by object

light refraction

wave change direction or speed

refractive index formula

(speed of light in vacuum)/(speed of light through material)

refraction example

light enter substance with HIGHER refractive index it SLOWS DOWN & bends TOWARD normal line (AWAY from boundary)

refraction example 2

light enter substance with LOWER refractive index it SPEEDS UP & bends AWAY normal line (TOWARDS the boundary)

convex lens

curved boundary to meet focal point

ex.) glasses

concave lens

refract light from focal point

ex.) flash light

magnification

enlarge image with lens

contrast

create stark difference in color

resolution

tell separate points separate

shorter wavelength = higher resolution

longer wavelength = lower resolution

factor affect resolution

wavelength

numerical aperture

numerical aperture

ability to get light by lens

leeuwenhoek (chap 2)

uses 1st simple microscope

galileo galilei

used compound microscope

robert hooke

1st describe cells using compound microscope w/ cork cells

invented microscope

hans & zacharias janssen

brightfield microscope

standard microscope

bright background dark specimen

show endospore

total magnification

ocular * objective

darkfield microscope

no staining live specimen

dark background live specimen

phase contrast microscope

annular ring

no staining live specimen

differentiate parts of cell

differential interference contrast microscope

image with layering

no staining live specimen

fluorescent microscope

fluorescent staining

distinguish live/dead cell

find immunofluorescence

confocal microscope

scan z-planes to produce 3D pic

staining

good for examining BIOLFILMS

2 photon microscope

scans with infrared

good for examining BRAIN SLICES, EMBRYOS, ORGANS

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

use magnets to refract electron

specimen CUT THIN

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

electron bounce off

visualize surface

sharp probes

ex.) CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI

wet mount

good viewing LIVE specimen

fixed mount (smear)

good STAINING

basic stain

positive charge ion

BASIC FUCHSIN

CRYSTAL VIOLET

MALACHITE GREEN

SAFRANIN

METHYLENE BLUE

acidic stain

negative charge ion

ROSE BENGAL

EOSIN

ACID FUCHSIN

positive stain

dye stain absorb to cell

negative stain

dye stain absorb to background

INDIA INK

gram stain steps

heat fix smear

primary stain (crystal violet)

mordant (iodine)

decolorizer (alcohol)

counter stain (safranin)

acid fast stain

detects mycolic acid and mycobacterium (acid fast bacteria)

zihel-neelson (w/ heat)

kinyoun (w/o heat)

heat smear

primary stain (carbolfuschin)

decolorizer

counter stain (methylene blue)

capsule stain

detect stained capsule

NO heat smear

primary stain (INDIA INK)

HALOS result

endospore stain

result ENDOSPORE

schaeffer method

heat fix smear

primary stain (malachite green)

decolorizer (water)

counter stain (safrinin)

flagella stain

result FLAGELLA stained

no heat smear

primary stain (specialized)

decolorizer (water)

counter stain (carbol fuschin)

francesco redi

FALSE

proved flies spawned from meat (false) came from other flies

john needham

TRUE

thought life originated from “life force”

lazzaro spallanzani

FALSE

repeated redi & needham experiment however boiled longer

louis pasteur (chap 3)

FALSE

created swann neck

“food can spoil so can people”

robert hooke (chap 3)

looked at CORKS tissue

matthias schleiden

looked at PLANT tissue

theodor schwann

compared plant & animal cells

robert remak

stated CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS

“cell division”

rudolf virchow

published CELLULAR PATHOLOGY

“all cells arise from cells”

konstantin mereschokowski

chloroplasts can live outside of plant cells

Ivan Wallin

proved that mitochondria can live outside of cell

(FALSE)

Lynn Margulis

mitochondria & chloroplasts origin of prokaryotic

used DNA, ribosomes, binary fission

Girolamo Fracastoro

“spores” transferred between individuals

Ignaz Semmelweis (chap 3)

physicians are contaminated & transferred disease to patients

promoted hand washing

john snow (chap 3)

traced cholera from london sewage & drinking water tied together

Joseph Lister (chap 3)

handwashing & carbolic acid for disinfection

Robert Koch (chap 3)

certain microbes cause certain disease

prokaryotes (chap 3)

bacteria & archaea

eukaryotes (chap 3)

eukarya

hypertonic solution

water moves out of cell

hypotonic solution

water moves into cell

crenation

hypertonic solution without cell wall

plasmolysis

hypertonic with cell wall

ribosomes (prokaryotes)

70S size (50S + 30S)

Polyhydroxybutrate (PHB)

stores protein

inclusion for monolayer

Volutin granules (inclusions)

polymerized inorganic phosphates for biofilm

Magnetosomes

magnetic iron oxide & iron sulfide allow magnetic field

Gas Vacuole

protein-lined gas to alter buoyancy

Carboxysome

RuBisCO & carbonic anhydrase for carbon metabolism

B. anthracis

agent of anthrax

C. difficile

causes pseudomembranous colitis

C. perfringens

causes gas gangrene

C. botulinum

causes botulism

C. tetani

causes tetanus

archaea cell membrane

nonbranched ether monolayer

bacteria & eukaryotes

branched ester bilayer

facilitated diffusion

carry proteins w/o ATP

passive transport

diffusion of molecules