MAMMOLOGY EXAM 1

WHAT IS A MAMMAL???

three bone ear from old jaw bones

epidermis with hair

MAMMARY GLANDS

DENTARY BONE

ENDOTHERMIC (WARM BLOODED)

ANAPSIDA

GAVE RISE TO TURTLES - LACK TEMPORAL OPENING

DIAPSIDA

GAVE RISE TO LIZARDS,SNAKES,DINOSAURS,BIRDS- 2 TEMPORAL OPENING

SYNAPSIDA

GAVE RISE TO MAMMALS

NOT LARGE IN SIZE

SINGLE TEMPORAL OPENING

RODENTIA KEY CHARACTERISTIC

SINGLE PAIR OF EVER-GROWING INCISORS

OVIPARUS

EGG LAYING

VIVIPARUS

LIVE BEARING

MARSUPILA

WEAK PLACENTAL MAMMALS

THERIAN

PLACENTAL MAMMALS

EUTHERIAN

TRUE PLACENTAL

TETRAPODS

4 LEGGED, CAME OUT OF THE OCEAN ONTO LAND

EVOLUTION ORDER

TETRAPOD - AMNIOTES - SYNAPSIDS - PELYCOSAUR - THERAPSIDS - CYNODONTS - STEM MAMMALS

PELYCOSAUR

EARLY GROUP OF SYNAPSIDS

HETERODANT TEETH

THERAPSIDS

LEGS UNDER THE BODY

DIASTEMA 

EVOLUTIONARY GAP IN TEETH ROW

EARLY REPTILES

AMNIOTES (LATE TETRAPOD)

MAMMAL REPTILES

THERAPSIDS

MAMMALS

HAVE A SINGLE DENTARY (VERY STRONG)

AMNIOTES

AMNIOTIC EGG THAT CAN BE LAYED ON LAND

MONOTREMES

ONE OPENING - CLOACA MAMMALS- INCLUDES PLATYPUS

METATHERIANS

WEAK PLACENTAS ( MARISUPIALS)

MONOPHYLETIC

ARISE FROM COMMON ANCESTORS

LAURASIATHERIA

MAINLY IN OR FROM NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

FOSSA

MUSCLE IN DEPRESSION/GROOVE

FORAMEN

OPENING

Diphyodont dentition

TWO SETS OF TEETH

CYNODANT

REDUCTION IN RIBS/LUMBAR ( BETTER MOVEMENT)

SECONDARY SOFT PALATE

STEM MAMMALS

DENTARY- SQUAMOSAL JAW ARTICULATION

ENDENTATE

LACK TEETH

UPPERCASE

MAXILLA (UPPER JAW)

LOWER CASE

LOWER JAW

GLISSANT

GLIDING (CONVERGENT EVOLUTION)

VOLANT

FLY

FAMILY ECHIMYIDAE

SOUTH AND NORTH AMERICA

NUTRIA

TRIBE MYOCASTORINI

FAMILY SCIURIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

DIURNAL HERBIVORES

MASSETER ON ANTERIOR ZYGOMATIC PLATE

COSMOPOLITAN

FAMILY APLODONTIIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

RIPARIAN HABITATS

PROTOGOMORPHOUS MASETER

FAMILY CASTORIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

SEMIAQUATIC

NOSTRILS VALVULAR

DEEP ZYGOMESSATARIC GROOVE FOR MASSETER

TERRITORIAL

NORTH AMERICA

FAMILY GEOMYIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

NORTH AMERICAN

EXTERNAL FUR LINED CHEEK POUCHES

FORELIMBS POWERFUL FOR DIGGING

SKULL FLAT

FAMILY HETEROMYIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

NEW WORLD

HERBIVOROUS OR GRANIVOROUS

NOCTURNAL

EXTERNAL FUR LINED CHEEK POUCHES FOR TRANSPORTING SEEDS

FAMILY ERETHIZONTIDAE

ORDER RODENTIA

NEW WORLD PORCUPINES

ROBUST SKULL

MORE ARBOREAL

BARBED QUILLS COVER MUCH OF BODY

FAMILY CRICETIDAE

SECOND LARGEST FAMILY OF MAMMALS

COSMOPOLITAN

NEW WORLD RATS AND MICE

FAMILY MURIDAE

LARGEST FAMILY OF RODENTS AND MAMMALS

OLD WORLD

RAT OR MOUSE LIKE BODY FORM

MEDIAL MASSETER PASSES THROUGH DORSAL INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN

ORDER LAGOMORPHA

COSMOPOLITAN

SINGLE PAIR OF UPPER AND LOWER INCISORS AND PEG LIKE 2ND PAIR OF UPPER INCISORS

FAMILY LEPORIDAE

WORLDWIDE

FENESTRATED SKULL

CURSORIAL ADAPTATIONS

CHEECK TEETH HYPSODONT

CURSORIAL

RUNNING/LOCOMOTION

HYPSODONT

HIGH CROWNED TEETH

HAIR CLASSIFICATION

GROWTH - ANGORA (CONTINOUS) / DEFINITIVE (SET LENGTH)

FUNCTIONAL- Functional is vibrissae (whiskers), pelage (fur) with pelage divided into guard hairs (awns, spines), bristles (manes), wool (curly), and velli (fuzz/down).

SKIN GLANDS

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

ECCRINE GLANDS (SWEAT)

APOCRINE GLANDS (CHEMICAL)

SCENT GLANDS (MODIFIED SEBACEOUS OR APOCRINE GLANDS)

GLANDS FROM SCALES TO FUR

MAINLY FOR INSULATION

MAMMARY GLANDS

GLANDULAR DUCTS

UNDER ENDOCRINE CONTROL

LACTATION AND SUCKLING

ENDOTHERMIC

ORGANISM THAT MAINTAINS HIGH BODY TEMP BY GENERATING HEAT INTERNALLY (METABOLISM)

ECTOTHERMIC

ORGANISM THAT RELYS ON EXTERNAL SOURCES LIKE THE SUN TO REGULATE BODY TEMP

HOMEOTHERMIC

SAME TEMP YEAR ROUND

HETEROTHERMIC

can live/operate at different temperatures (bears)

THERMONEUTRAL ZONE

zone in which animal doesn’t have to actively do anything to retail/expel heat, metabolism is at normal rate.

ENDOTHERMY

FACTORS INFLUENCING BODY TEMPERATURE IN MAMMALS

THERMAL INERTIA

LARGE BODY SIZE RESULTS IN LESS HEAT LOSS AND LOWER METABOLIC RATES

AVOIDANCE OF COLD

BODY SIZE

INSULATION (HAIR)

APPENDEGES

COLORATION

DORMANCY

REDUCTION IN BODY MASS

APPENDAGES

WORK GREAT IN SUMMER FOR MOVING HEAT

BAD IN THE WINTER

BIG HEAT WASTERS

STRUCTURES CLOSE TOGETHER IN MILD ENVIRONMENTS

COUNTER CURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE

AVODANCE FOR COLD MECHANISM

HAS TO DO WITH STRUCTURE OF VEINS AND ARTERIES

HEART WORKS LESS

CAN HAVE CHANGE IN SIZE OF APPENDEGES

TEMPORAL HYPOTHERMIA

REDUCING BODY TEMPERATURE TO SAVE ENERGY

DAILY TORPER

PERIODS OF REST AND AWAKE

SHALLOW HIBERNATION

SEASONAL TORPOR

WINTER LETHARGY ( 5-7 DEGREES CELCIUS BELOW NORMAL TEMP)

LIKE BEARS

PROFOUND HIBERNATION

TRUE HIBERNATION ( 2-5 DEGREES CELCIUS BODY TEMP)

SEASONAL TORPOR

MAMMAL LOWERING BODY TEMP TO HIBERNACULUM ( DEN,CAVE,CREST)

LARGEST MAMMAL - MARMOT

TORPOR

SLOW BREATHING AND HEARTRATE

LOWERS BODY TEMP

SLOW METABOLIC ACTIVITY

ALARM AROUSAL

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE DROPS BEYONDS ANIMALS ABILITY TO COMPENSATE

PERIODIC AROUSAL

AROUSAL IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL CUES - like licking finger and putting into air

MAY OCCUR WITH OR WITHOUT SHIVERING

NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENSIS

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (BROWN FAT)

LOX RATE OF SHIVERING

TYPICALLY AROUND NECK AND ABDOMEN

A BLANKET THAT HEATS UP

GENERATING HEAT WITH INSULATION

ENZYME THERMOGENIN

GENERATES MORE HEAT

ADAPTATIONS TO HEAT

WATER REUGLATION

WATER INTAKE

DRINKING

FOOD THAT CONTAINS WATER

METABOLIC WATER (AEROBIC BREAKDOWN)

WATER LOSS

PANTING

URINATION

DEFECTAION

LACTATION

APPENDAGES

URINE CONCENTRATION

LOOPS OF HENLI - CONCENTRATE THE URINE

ADAPTATIONS TO LOSE VERY LITTLE URINE

ADAPTIVE HYPOTHERMIA

ABILITY TO TOLERATE LONG EXPOSURE TO AIR TEMP HIGHER THAN BODY TEMPS

AVOIDANCE OF HEAT

TAIL FOR SUN SHELTER

ACTIVE MORE IN EARLY MORNING HOURS

WHEN HOT- DAILY TORPOR - RESUME ACTIVITY

BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION

SHIVERING

HUDDLING

LAY DOWN ON ROCKS TO COOL/HEAT THEMSELVES

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA

AFRICA AND ASIAN

COLUMNAR LIMBS AND GRAVIPORTAL LOCOMOTION

ENLARGED SKULL/REDUCED NECKS

NUMEROUS CROSS LOPHS ON TEETH

ELONGATE TRUNK

DIGITIGRADE POSTURE WITH DENSE HEEL PAD

MATRIARCH

unguligrade

move on hooves

plantigrade

move on soles of feet

DIGITIGRUDE

WALKING ON TOES

MUSTH

PERIODS OF HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY

ORDER HYROCOIDEA

AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST

RABBIT SIZED

DEEP MADIBLE

INCISORS EVER GROWING

DIASTEMA PRESENT

FEET MESAXONIC ( WEIGHT BARING AXIS PASSES THROUGH MIDDLE)

HERBIVORES ( CECAL FERMENTATION)

ORDER SIRENIA

TROPICAL COASTAL WORLDWIDE ORGIN

AQUATIC HERBIVORES

THICK DENTARY BONE

MAKE COMPLEX SOUNDS

MASSIVE MIDDLE EAR BONES

HAIRLESS, THICK SKIN

ANTLERS VS HORNS

ANTLERS = BONY BRANCHED STRUCTURES THAT ARE SHED AND REGROWN ANNUALLY , COVERED IN VASULAR SKIN

HORNS= PERMAMNENT STRUCTURES WITH BONY CORE COVERED BY A KERATIN SHEATH , GROWING THROUGHOUT ANIMALS LIFE

FUSIFORM

cylindrical shape, like mammals in cold environments.

ESTIVATION

HEAT FORM OF DAILY TORPER

TALUS SLOPE

GRAVLEY ROCK

BOREAL REGION

northern cold temperate forests.

DIPOD

TWO FEET

LUSTROUS

fur laying in any direction.

GEOPHYTE

eat underground, like naked mole rats and tubers.

AMBULATORY

WALK

SCANSORIAL

ROCK DWELLING

ARBOREAL

TREE DWELLING

CREPUSCULAR

MOVE AT DAWN AND DUSK

FOSSORIAL

LIVE PRIMARILY UNDERGROUND

SUBTERANNIAN

LIVE ENTIRLEY UNDERGROUND

FIMBRATION

stiff hairs between digits, help dig.

RICHOCHETAL

JUMP/MOVE ZIG ZAG

SALTITORIAL

JUMP/MOVE IN STRAIGHT LINE

CURSORIAL

RUN LOCOMOTION