ush final

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent (to the Pacific).

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Willmot Proviso

A proposed bill that said any gained Mexican territory would be a free state, divided congress and was not passed

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a pro abolition novel written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. intensified sectional conflict. Helped Northerners understand and sympathize with the problems of slavery.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent dispute over weather the Kansas-Nebraska Territory would be a free or slave state. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a violent rebellion of slaves in Virginia

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Secession

Formal withdrawal of a state from a nation

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories Slave trade abolished in DC, for fugitive slave act; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent. people get to vote if they want a state to be a slave or non-slave state

Missouri Compromise

Compromise that entered Missouri as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. everything north of the Missouri compromise is free

Kansas-Nebraska Act

repealed Missouri compromise for popular sovereignty

Fort Sumter

Union fort attacked by Confederates in 1861 sparking the start of the Civil War

Habeas Corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

martial law

type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

income tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

Conscription

A military draft

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union, did not free slaves in the union because it was used as a political move to weaken the confederacy during the war

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States, used total war strategy to take down south by relentlessly attacking and causing immense bloodshed because the north had a lot more resources

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for all people born or neutralized in the US, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) reject confederate debts 5) equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. This encouraged tenants to work to produce the biggest harvest that they could, and ensured they would remain tied to the land and unlikely to leave for other opportunities.

Republican Party

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's.

Democratic Party

pro-slavery party. A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824. Conservative at the time

Radical Republicans

Want to destroy political power of fmr. Slaveholders, give slaves citizenship and right to vote

Wartime Reconstruction

If 10% of eligible voters took allegiance to the U.S. they could form a new state government and elect representatives and senators to go back to Congress and abolish slavery. Lincoln's idea of taking charge and not consulting congress or radical republicans

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877

Event in which Rutherford Hayes became president in exchange for officially ending Reconstruction

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

Boston Massacre

incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed American colonists

Declaration of Independence

declared the United States independent of British rule 1776

War for Independence

1775-1783; also called "Revolutionary War"; war between Britian and the American colonies; American victory.

Patriot

American colonist who favored American independence

Loyalist

A person who supported the British during the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States (1777) creating an association of states with weak central government

Shays' Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion - ex-Revolutionary War soldiers tried to prevent foreclosures of farms bc of high interest rates and taxes

Great Compromise

states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

3/5 Compromise

slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representative purposes -compromise between the North and South to get the South to accept and sign the Constitution

Federalist

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalist

opposers of the Constitution

Constitution

A written plan of government

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to the Constitution

George Washington

1st President

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established a federal court system which would be headed up by the Supreme Court with three executive departments (war, treasure, state)

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to one's nation

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. Advocated for creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off national debt. (federalist)

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president (democratic-republican)

Federalists

Believed in strong national government, supporters of constitution and didn't want Bill of Rights because already had constitutional protection

Democratic-Republican

Believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments instead of national, agricultural, opposed national bank

Marbury v. Madison

Case that established the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Bank of the United States

first national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors, proposed by hamilton

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs(taxes), and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions on the extension of slavery into new territories

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837). As president he opposed the second Bank of the United States, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. also a general who led American forces in the Battle of New Orleans

spoils system

A system in which incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends

Trail of Tears

path the Cherokee were forced to travel from Georgia to Indian Territory.

Panic of 1837

a series of financial failures that led to an economic depression

Constitution: Republicanism

The ideology of being organized as a republic. Emphasis on self-rule. This power of the people is exercised through the election of representatives.

Constitution: Federalism

The division of power between the national and state governments.

Constitution: Popular sovereignty

All political power is derived from the people. The people can give but also take away any government power.

Constitution: Limited government

The government only has so much power. They can only do what is delegated to them (in the constitution) and individual's rights are protected against government intrusion.

Constitution: Checks and balances

Each branch has a way to limit the power of other branches to keep each other in check.

Constitution: Separation of powers

Power is split between legislative, executive, and judicial branches so no single branch can become too powerful.

Nation

people who share common ancestry

nation-state

political community governed by laws that unites people who share a common ancestry

what would the US in the late 1700s be considered

nation-state because they all share a common ancestry and had a government that was governed by laws

state

a political community governed by laws

Carlisle Indian School

Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught Engilsh and white values/customs

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Deflation

a decrease in the general level of prices

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.

Carnegie

Steel industry

Why did the colonists revolt in the War for Independence?

\-taxation without representation

* did not respect their needs for growth
* -forced to let British soldiers eat and sleep in their homes