Foundational Music reading skills final exam

How to find the tonic of a key with sharps

find the last sharp and go up a half-step

How to find the tonic of a key with flats

take the last flat and go back a flat

How to find the tonic of a minor key

go down 3 half steps from the major tonic

Key with one sharp

G major/E minor

Key with one flat

F major/d minor

Key with no accidentals

C major/A minor

Key with two sharps

D major/B minor

Key with three sharps

A major/F# minor

Key with four sharps

E major/C# minor

Key with five sharps

B Major/G# major

Key with six sharps/flats

Gflat+F# major/Eflat+D# minor

Key with five flats

Dflat major/bflat minor

Key with four flats

A flat major/F minor

Key with three flats

E flat major/C minor

Key with two flats

B flat major/G minor

Order of flats

B-E-A-D-G-C-F

Order of sharps

F-C-G-D-A-E-B

the name for scale degree 1

Tonic

The name for scale degree 2

Supertonic

The name for scale degree 3

mediant

Name for scale 4

Subdominant

Name for scale degree 5

Dominant

name for scale degree 6

Submediant

name for scale degree 7

Leading tone (for major), and sub-tonic (for Minor)

What is the formula for a Major scale

1w2w3h4w5w6w7h1

What is the formula for a minor scale

1w2h3w4w5h6w7w1

What is a relative key pairings

A major key and relative minor key that share the same key signature

Relative keys

different tonics and same key signature

Parallel Keys

Same tonic and different key

Natural Minor

the way the minor scale sits naturally

Harmonic Minor

when you take the natural minor scale, and raise the sub-tonic a half-step to make it a leading tone

Melodic Minor

When you raise scale degrees 6 and 7 up a half-step, scale degrees 5, 6, and 7 will sound major, but scale degree 3 will sound minor. Is usually used only in ascending scales and will return to the natural minor on the descending scale.

What is a simple meter

A meter that has a top number of 2,3,4 —> 2/4, 3/4, 4/4. The top number is how many beats, and the bottom number is what kind of note. And it is divided by 2.

What is a compound meter

A meter that has a top number of 6, 9, 12 and divided by 3 to find the beat, 6 → 2, 9 —> 3, 12 —> 4. Top number is the division of beats, and the bottom is the top of note.

What is the defining characteristics of an interval

The size of the interval and the quality (M, m, d, A)

What is a simple interval

A interval that’s size is between 1-8

What is a complexed interval

A interval that’s size is more than 8

How many half-steps in an octave

12 half-steps

How to make an interval compound

Add 7 to the size of the interval

How to make an interval simple

subtract 7 from the size of the interval

How do you make a interval augmentive

Add 1hs to a major interval, 2hs to a minor interval, 1hs to a perfect interval, and 3hs to a diminished interval

How to make an interval diminished

subtract 1hs from a minor interval, subtract 1hs from a perfect interval, 2hs from a major interval, and 3hs from an Augmentative interval

What is the size of two octaves

15 because you only count the tonic once

What happens to the quality of the interval when you make it compound or simple

The quality stays the same

Unision

1. abbreviation is p1

2. interval type 1

3. zero half steps

Minor second

1. abbreviation is m2

2. type of interval is 2

3. one half step

Major 2nd

1. Abbreviation is M2

2. type of interval is 2

3. two half steps

Minor 3rd

1. abbreviation is m3

2. type of interval is 3

3. 3 half steps

Major 3rd

1. Abbreviation is M3

2. type of interval is 3

3. 4 half steps

Perfect 4th

1. Abbreviation is P4

2. type of interval is 4

3. 5 half-steps

Tritone

1. Abbreviation is A4/d5

2. interval type is 4/5

3. 6 halfsteps

Perfect 5th

1. abbreviation is P5

2. interval type is 5

3. 7 half-steps

minor 6th

1. Abbreviation is m6

2. interval type is 6

3. 8 half-steps

Major 6th

1. Abbreviation is M6

2. interval type is 6

3. 9 half-steps

Minor 7

1. Abbreviation is m7

2. interval type is 7

3. 10 half-steps

Major 7th

1. abbreviation is M7

2. interval type is 7

3. 11 half-steps

Octave

1. abbreviation is P8/8ve

2. size is 8

3. 12 half-steps

How to count half-steps

start counting when you move

How to count size of an interval

start on the first note

Harmonic Interval

the pitch relationship between two notes that are played simultaneously

Melodic Interval

the distance between two pitches played in sequence, one after the other, as in a melody

What is the root position of a chord?

When the first factor is the bottom of the chord (5/3)

What is first inversion of a chord?

When the third factor is the root of the chord (6 or 6/3)

What is second inversion of a chord?

When the fifth factor is the root of the chord (6/4)

What is the formula for a major chord

M3 + P5

What is the formula for a minor chord?

m3 + P5

What is the formula for a diminished chord?

m3 + d5

What is the formula of a Aug Chord?

M3 + A5

What is a chord?

A harmony with three or more notes

How to invert an interval?

The quality changes (except for Perfect), the size changes, and the note order changes—> The Sum needs to be nine. For example, a Major 7th would convert to a minor 2nd because 9-7 equals 2.

What is a marco chord?

Chords identified by letter names, I.E G(chord that it is)/B (the lowest tone)

What is marco analysis?

When a chord is identified by it’s letter names —> to root position —> writtens as 1st factor/the lowest tone