Sociology Unit 1B - Youth Subcultures (copy)

Hall and Jefferson (T1A/B)

teddy boys, recreate sense of community after immigration, delinquent subculture

Venkatesh (T1B)

outlaw capitalism, opportunity to be paid, linked with working class

Messerschmidt (T2A)

deviant behaviours stemming from stereotypical masculine dominance

Hebdige (T2B)

punks statement against consumerism

Rosenthal (T2B)

assumptions about IQ dependent on gender, ethnicity and social class

Cicourel (T2B)

justice can be negotiated based on class or status

Archer (T2B)

the street, seen as more accessible way to seek validation than school

Katz (T2B)

youth interested in transgression, not class or politics

Scraton (T2C)

culture of resistance, politics surround race, crime as political act

Sivanandan (T2C)

continuation of struggle against white slave owners, families of rastafarians immigrants

Hutnyk (T2C)

cultural appropriation, devalues highly meaningful symbolism

Nayak (T2C)

white wannabes, cultural appropriation

Cloward and Ohlin (T3A)

criminal subcultures to make living, conventional means are blocked, 3 types of subculture: criminal, conflict, retreatist

Charlesworth (T3B)

underclass feel unable to succeed, transmitted from parents

Korem (T3B)

rise in m/c class crime, absent parenting causes deviance

Owen Jones (T3B)

however, demonization of the w/c, justify privileged position

Sewell (T4A)

however, aspiration of media role models and lack of socialisation, hyper masculinity leads to deviance

McRobbie and Garbler (T4B)

intense relationships within domestic sphere, distinct YSC

Adler (T4B)

rebellious YSC emerge as response of liberation of women, naturally assertive/independent, traits of crime

Muggleton (T5)

neo-tribes not politically motivated, weak sense of commitment, individualism within punks

Manchester Institute of Popular Culture (MIPS)

social media allows to gain subcultural capital, disenfranchisement of YSC, rebel against inequalities, undermines individualism

Jock Young (T6)

however, media exaggerates crime not creates it, reality shouldn't be reduced to media construction

Paul Willis (T1B)

counter-school culture, saw pleasure as most important in a workplace, reject capitalism in a semi-class consciousness

Batchelor et al. (T1B)

lack of female gangs, overwhelmingly male focussed

Otto Pollack (T2A)

chivalry thesis, police more lenient to women

Willis (T2B)

working class likely to join rebellious youth, resist ruling class oppression

King and Smith (T2B)

Jack Wills, anxiety to maintain status in growing mix of social class

Venkatesh (T2C)

outlaw capitalism, join gangs for money and sense of structure

Murray (T2C)

higher crime rates from inadequate socialisation, single parent households

Eisenstadt (T3A)

development of identity during youth, supervised risk taking to create stable adults

Alexander (T3A)

gangs functional defence mechanism, opportunity to gain status within gang

Scraton (T4A)

politics central to race, organised culture of resistance

Les Back (T5)

hybrid identities in south london, transitional stage to construct new identity, cultural borrowing, inter-racial relationships

Safia Mirza (T2A)

young, black women being pro-school despite being marginalised

Jackson (T2A)

ladettes, girls as rebellious as boys

Durkheim (T3A)

state of anomie, breakdown of social order or personal control

Albert Cohen (T3A)

status frustration, invert values, gain status within own hierarchies

Murray (T3B)

distinct underclass, inadequate parenting and lack of moral values, crime and hostility towards authority

Murray and Herrnstein (T3B)

predisposition to aggressiveness, criminal characteristics and welfare dependency

David Marsland (T3B)

welfare dependency undermines people's sense of commitment to work, pregnant youth irresponsible and should cut benefits

Hey (T4B)

women friendship groups form YSC based on values, not class, ethnicity, etc.

Berger (T1A)

youthfulness is a personal quality

Pilcher (T1A)

centred around withdrawal from family and parental control

Davies (T1A)

values vary little from their parents, conformist and conservative

Roberts (T1A)

three types of transition, e.g. abrupt, gradual and lengthy

James Patrick (T1B)

non-utilitarian violence used as a way into gangs

Albert Cohen (T1B)

link of working class and status frustration, use delinquency to develop status not found elsewhere, invert traditional school values (bad behaviour and academic failure)

Hebdige (T1B)

punks study, reject dominant hegemonic values

Hall (T1B)

hippies study, reject mainstream consumer culture

Archer and Yamashita (T1B)

hyper heterosexuality in schools, exclusively male groups

Harding (T1B)

girls in gangs as fixers

Cloward and Ohlin (T1B)

illegitimate opportunity structure, pressure to deviate from mainstream, earn money in capitalist society

Ross Haenfler (T2A)

nerd masculinity, online world masculinity

McRobbie and Garbler (T2A)

bedroom culture, segregated from boys

Hey (T2A)

women have distinct, secretive norms than men

Pussy Riot (T2A)

Russian protest group, highly politically involved women, radical femenists

Davis and Moore (T2B)

subcultural identity based on role allocation

Alexander (T2B/C)

deviant label more likely for ethnic minority groups, 2001 Oldham riots

Albert Cohen (T2B)

lower class boys try to emulate middle class, status frustration as don't have the means

Reay (T2B)

poverty of aspiration, few extra-curricular

Les Back (T2C)

cultural borrowing, positive, hybridity

Vale and Juno (T2C)

modern primitives, youth feel connected to tribal culture, tattoos and scarification

Parsons (T3A)

youth have allocated roles, lower income and status allocated due to limited experience

Decker and Van Winkle (T3A)

pulls and pushes in joining gangs, gaining status vs marginalised/disadvantages

Snider (T3B)

however, focus on 'white collar crimes', tax evasion more costly to state than benefits claimants

Karl Marx (T4A)

invented marxism

Hebdige (T4A)

deviant YSC are politically motivated, challenge class inequality, reject cultural hegemony

Gramsci (T4A)

political domination by ruling class is challenged by w/c youth

Bennet (T4A)

criticises assumptions that punks are w/c, often m/c art students

Stuart Hall et al. (T4A)

moral panic about crime of mugging, exaggerated public concern, manipulate populations with distractions from 'real issues'

Yehudh (T4A)

moral panic disproportional to extent of crime, media saturation, no evidence of increase in crime

Lea and Young (T4A)

crimes intra-racial, social class exclusion, romanticising race?

Reddington (T4B)

critical regarding lack to apparent presence of women in punks, sub-subcultures, patriarchal beliefs

Pat Carlen (T4B)

however, oppressed women deviate most, 80% women in prison suffer child abuse, sexual abuse or lived in care

Borden (T5)

skating YSC surround hobby, status based on skill level

Thornton (T5)

youth have individualised approach, clubbing culture merge different groups, bond with music taste

Blackman (T5)

however, disregard politically active YSC, ravers oppose making them illegal

Polhemus (T5)

supermarket of style, hybrid and fluid YSC, limited choice due to media - incorporation

Nayak (T5)

white wannabes, young w/c white men adopting black culture

Katz (T5)

YSC based on pleasure of transgression/misbehaviour, sexual metaphor for deviancy, shared positive experience

Howard Becker (T6)

labelling theory, process of labelling/self-fulfilment, 'moral entrepreneurs' create laws that aim to criminalise youth

Cicourel (T6)

high status have ability to reject labels/negotiate crime

Akers (T6)

however, must be reason for labels being applied to certain groups initially, seen as incomplete theory

Phillips and Bowling (T6)

labelling theory to explain crime, negative treatment against criminal justice systems, hostility towards police, self-fulfilling prophecy

Stanley Cohen (T6)

studied societal reactions to Clacton disturbances 1964, media provide distorted picture of deviant YSC, moral panic of 'folk devils' and public concern - deviancy amplification spiral

Lea and Young (T6)

however, media representation reflects public concern, tabloid press read by working class who are victims of violent crimes