chapter 2

NIC

Network Interface Cable (NOT WIRELESS. AN EXAMPLE IS AN Ethernet CABLE or an old phone jack cable that is plugged into a wall)

Standard Telephone Line

RJ-11 jacks

Term for wires on a RJ (Registed Jack .. the things that look like Ethernet cables)

Terminators

Main difference between RJ (Registered Jacks)

Number or Terminators (wires)

How many cable categorys are there? (Abbrevation: CAT)

1-8

Category 1

Low-speed analog (less than 1MHz). ;Telephone, doorbel

Category 2

Analog line (less than 10MHz) ;Telephone

Category 3

Up to 16MHz or 100Mbps (megabits per second); Voice transmissions

Category 4

Up to 20MHz/100Mbps; Data lines, Ethernet networks

Category 5

100MHz/100Mbps; Most common a few years ago; still widely used

Category 6

1000Mbps (some get 10Gbps) ;Most common type of network cable

Category 7

10Gbps; High-speed networks

Category 7

10Gbps ;Very high-speed networks

Category 8

40Gbps; Not yet commonly found

Abbreviation meaning? UTP

unshielded twisted pair cable. Most common

How are the wired in a UTP cable (unshielded twisted-pair)

Wired are twisted in pairs.

Abbrivation meaning? STP

Sheilded twisted pair. Less common than UTP (unsheilded twisted pairs)

Category’s that are being used for Ethernet

Cat. 6, some using Cat. 7

Bandwidth

MAX bits that a cable can transmit in a second. Example: The bandwidth of my gigabit Ethernet cable is 1GBps or 1000MBps. (reminder: 1000 MB is = 1GB)

Hubs, Switches, and Router categorys?

Cat. 5 or Cat. 6 with RJ-45 connectors. (Reminder: RJ = Registered Jack)

Hub

small, box-shapes electronic device where you can plug multiple network cables into its ports (RJ-45 jacks)

Ports

Inputs to a Hub. Register Jack type: RJ-45

Downside of Hubs

If data is sent to a computer connected to the hub, that data, but, in packets.. not the actual file, is sent to ALL ports connected to the same hub. This can, in turn, slow downloads speed for a short amt of time. Then the packet is discarded by other ports (The target computer receives the actual file)

Repeater types

Amplifiers (Booth the ENTURE signal thatis received) and Signals (regenerate a signal. Dose NOT rebroadcast the entire thing)

Repeater Define

Device that boosts signal

Repeater - Amplifier

Boosts the ENTIRE signal

Repeater - Signal

Regenerate the signal

Switch (Nickname: “Intelegent Hub”)

Basically a Switch BUT when you send a file the packets are only sent to the target port. SO, packets are NOT send to each and every port

How dose a Switch know where data goes?

MAC (Media Access Control) found in Ethernet cables. More information on this in later chapters.

Router

deviced plugged into a router are considered 2 DIFFERNT NETWORKS. In contrast to a Hub and switch they are the same network. Allows two or more networks. Similar to a hub and switch but much more advanced/sophisticated. Directs traffic based on IP. Can be configured and programmed

Most Common High Speed Connection Types and Speeds

MIMO abbreviation?

Multiple-input Multiple-output

MIMO (multiple input multiple output)

Uses multiple antennas to resolve more information than is would be for a single antenna.

WEP abbreviation?

Wired Equivalent Privacy

WPA abbreviation?

Wi-Fi Protected Access

RC4 is a stream cipher traffic key rule

a traffic key must never be used twice

IV ussage

Transmit plain txt to prevent repitition

TKIP abbrviation?

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

a 128-but per-packet key. Dynamically generates a new key for each packet

ANT+ wireless protocal define

Wireless Protocal that is often used with sensor data (example: heart rate monitors, cycle machines. [bio sensors or exercise applications])

ZigBee wireless protocol define

Primarily for residential applications for wireless devices to be used for security and residential use (*smart* light switches, thermostat)

Z-wave

Primarily used for home automation. Used low energy radio for app. to app. communcation using mesh work

How is data transmitted? (DUMB VERSION)

A packet is sent.

Basic purpose of a NETWORK cable?

Transmit packets to one machine to another

What is the name for 1/8 of a bit?

Byte

How many BITS are in a BYTE

8 BITS are in 1 BYTE

Packet define

X number of bytes divided into a header (20 bytes+…tells you where the packet originated, target, and more[dose NOT contain peices of data JUST METADATA{control info}) and a body (contains actual data [binary form])

What data is read by the Routers (Hubs,switches) when a Packet is transmitted?

The header of the packets that is sent to them. This is how routers determine where a packet should be sent

Protocol define

different network communication types for different purposes. AND an agreed upon method of communication

Most important/common protocals

FTP Acrymnym

File Transfer Porotcal

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

For transferring files between computers

TFTP Acronym

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

TFTP (Trivial File transfer Protocol)

A quicker but less reliable form of FTP (file transfer protocol)

SSH Protocol Acronym

Secure Shell

SSH (Secure SHell) Protocol

Used to securely connect to a remove System

Telnet Protocol

Used to remotely log onto a system

SMTP Acronym

Simple Mail transfer Protocol

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Sends an Email

Whois Protocol

A command that Queries a target IP address for information

DNS protocol Acronym

Domain Name System

DNS protocol

Translate URLS into web addresses

HTTP Acronym

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

Displays web pages

POP3 Acronym

Post Office Protocol Version 3

POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3)

Retrieves email

NNTP Acronym

Network News Transfer Protocol

NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)

Used for network newsgroups (Usenet Newsgroups). You can access these groups over the web VIA google and selecting the groups tab

NetBIOS protocol

Older Microsoft protocol that is for naming systems on a local network

IMAP Acronym

Internet Message Access Protocol

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

More advanced protocol for receiving email. Widely replacing POP3

IRC Protocol Acronym

Internet Relay Chat

IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

Used for chat rooms

SMB protocol acronym

Server Message Block

SMB (server message block)

Used for Windows Active Directory

HTTPS

Encrypted HTTP; Used for secure websites

SMTPS acronym

Simple Main Transfer Protocol Secure

SMTPS (simple mail Transfer protocol secure)

Encrypted SMTP

POP3S Acronym

Post Office Protocol Version 3 Secure

POP3S (Post Office Protocol Version 3 Secure)

Encrypted POP3 (Post office protocol Version 3)

IMAPS acronym

Internet Message Access Protocol Secure

IMAPS (Internet Message Access Protocol Secure)

Encrypted IMAP

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

port (networking term) define

A numeric designation for a particular pathway of communications

Socket define

THe combination of your computer’s IP address and port #

Backbones define

Main Transmission lines that various networks are connected to

Points where the BACKBONES connect are called…

Network Access Points (NAPs)

NAPs acronym

Network Access Points

ISP acronym

Internet Service Provider

More info on ISP (internet service provider)

ISPs either has a connection to the internet backbone or to another ISP that has a backbone

IP Address

Address for a computer in numeric of 4 values, separated by periods (EXMAPLE: 107.22.98.198) . Can either be version 4 (IPv4) or version 6 (IPv6). IP address is actually 4 binary numbers, just in decimal format

IP rules

each 3 digit series must be between 0 - 255

Private IP vs Public IP

Private IP ONLY has to be unique in a network SO a random computer NOT on the same network can have the same IP.

What the 1st decimal # (or BYTE) tells you in an IP address

CLASS A: 0-126 (Extremely large networks) , CLASS B: 128-191 (Large corporate and government networks) , CLASS C: 192-223 (most common group..your ISP probably has CLASS C) , CLASS D: 24-247 (Reserved for multicasting [transmitting differ data on the same channel]) , CLASS E: 248-255 (Reserved for experimental use)