ap psych unit 4

association

group with similar goals or interests collaborating together

observational learning

learning by watching and imitating others’ actions

latent learning

learning until there’s an obvious rewards/reinforcement

social learning

learning from observing and interacting with others

trial and error learning

learning by trying different methods until success achieved

insight learning

sudden realization of a problem’s solution

accidental reinforcement

unintended reward influencing behavior unintentionally

john garcia

taste aversion

albert bandura

bobodoll experiment

edward tolman

latent learning

rat maze

edward tolman’s experiment

edward l. thorndike

trial and error learning

ivan pavlov

classical learning

dogs + saliva

ivan pavlov (experiment)

b.f skinner

operant conditioning

b.f skinner (what did he believe in)

believed that behavior becomes MORE likely to occur when reinforced and LESS likely when punished

robert rescoria

condition + learning

robert rescoria (what did he believe)

how animals can be taught to expect the outcome of an event

john b watson

behaviors are the result of learning; learning influences behaviors

classical conditioning

learning by associating two stimuli to elicit response

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus causing natural response without prior learning

food

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

unconditioned response

automatic response to unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

drool

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned response?

neutral stimuli

stimulus initially causing no response in learning context

bell

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimuli

acquisition

process of learning new behavior or knowledge (ns + us)

bell + food

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the acquisition?

conditioned stimulus

stimulus causing learned response after association with one another

drool + bell

conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

salivation (2)

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction pause

stimulus generalization

responding to similar stimuli as conditioned

stimulus discrimination

differentiating between similar stimuli to produce specific response

higher (second) order conditioning

creating new conditioned response using previous conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

learning through consequences of actions

law of effect

responses followed by satisfaction become more likely

consequence

result of an action, influencing future behavior

active decision

operant conditioning = ?

response to stimulus

classical conditioning = ?

skinner box

studied animal behavior (rats, lever, food)

shaping

gradually guiding behavior toward desired outcome through reinforcement

discriminative stimulus

signal indicating specific behavior will be reinforced or punished

positive reinforcement

adding something to increase behavior

negative reinforcement

removing something to increase behavior

positive punishment

adding something to decrease behavior

negative punishment

removing something to decrease behavior

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement after a set number of responses

fixed interval schedule

reinforcement after a set amount of time passes

variable ratio

reinforcement after unpredictable number of responses

variable interval

reinforcement after unpredictable amount of time passes

over justification

decreased intrinsic motivation due to excessive external rewards

intrinsic motivation

doing what you want to do, inside you

extrinsic motivation

doing something because you get something from it

biological predisposition

inborn tendency to behave or learn in different ways

preparedness

natural readuness to learn certain behaviors easily

instinctive drift

tendency for animals to revert to innate behaviors

instinctive drift

tendency for animals to revert to innate behaviors

rats (tone + shock)

what was allan wagner and robert rescola’s experiment?

cognitive map

mental representation of one’s environment

external locus of control

belief that outcomes controlled by outside forces

internal locus of control

belief that outcomes are controlled by personal actions

problem focused coping

dealing with stress by addressing the problem directly

emotion focused coping

managing emotions to cope with stress or challenges