foundational regions

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1
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Polytheism

  • Earliest religion across all cultural regions

  • Many gods and/or spirits

  • Animism

  • Sumerians, Greeks, Romans, Aztec, African, and Hinduism

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Judaism: 900 BCE</strong></span></p>

Judaism: 900 BCE

  • Monotheism

  • Ten Commandments of moral and religious conduct

  • Torah—Written record and beliefs of Hebrews

  • Greatly influenced Christianity and Islam

  • Founded in the Middle East in modern day Israel

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Christianity: 30 CE</strong></span></p>

Christianity: 30 CE

  • Monotheism

  • Jesus as Son of God

  • Life after death, sins forgiven

  • New Testament—Life and teachings of Jesus

  • Persecuted by Romans; later legalized by Constantine in mid-300s

  • Founded in the Middle East in modern day Israel  

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Islam: 622 CE</strong></span></p>

Islam: 622 CE

  • Monotheism

  • Muhammad the prophet, Allah is God; Noah, Abraham and Jesus are all accepted as well.

  • Koran [Qu’ran]

  • Five Pillars of Islam

  • Founded in Mecca and Medina – The Middle East south of Israel

  • Shiite/Sunni split [more on this later]

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Buddhism: 550 BCE</strong></span></p>

Buddhism: 550 BCE

  • Founder—Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

  • Four Noble Truths

  • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment/Nirvana

  • Desire causes suffering

  • Spread of Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia, resulting from Asoka’s missionaries and their writings

  • Monotheistic

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Hinduism: 1500 BCE</strong></span></p>

Hinduism: 1500 BCE

  • Many forms of one deity or god

  • Caste system

  • Reincarnation

  • Karma—Future reincarnation based on present behavior 

  • Founded in India

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Confucianism: 550 BCE</strong></span></p>

Confucianism: 550 BCE

  • A philosophical and ethical system of conduct [not actually a religion]

  • Founder: Kung Fu-Tze

  • Men superior, importance of family, only educated should be in charge, ancestor worship, mandate of heaven

  • Knowledge of Confucianism made up much of the Civil Service exam.

  • Dominant influence of Chinese government and education for over 2000 years

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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"><strong>Daoism: 400 BCE</strong></span></p>

Daoism: 400 BCE

  • Founder Lao-tzu; later polytheistic

  • “The War”: a balance in nature 

  • Yin/Yang [passive and active] is harmony

  • Confucianism is unnatural

  • Very popular with peasants

  • Great effect on art

  • Founded in China