IPS1- Metabolic Pathway Concepts p1

Proverbs 16:3

Protein synthesis

_____- is the biological process by which a cell creates proteins.

Central dogma

Protein synthesis is the core of which principle in molecular biology?
A. Enzyme kinetics
B. Central dogma
C. Genetic drift
D. Cell cycle

DNA → RNA → Protein

What is the correct order of the central dogma of molecular biology?
A. Protein → RNA → DNA
B. RNA → DNA → Protein
C. DNA → RNA → Protein
D. RNA → Protein → DNA

• Transcription

• Translation

Protein synthesis is divided into which two main stages?
A. Replication and transcription
B. Transcription and translation
C. Replication and translation
D. Mutation and expression

Transcription

What is the first step of protein synthesis?
A. Translation
B. Transcription
C. Replication
D. Mutation

Nucleus

Where does transcription occur?
A. Ribosome
B. Cytoplasm
C. Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum

mRNA

What molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. Protein

AUG

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?
A. AUG
B. UAA
C. UAG
D. UGA

Methionine

In humans, AUG codes for which amino acid?
A. Glycine
B. Methionine
C. Tryptophan
D. Valine

f-Methionine

In animals, AUG codes for which amino acid?
A. f-Methionine
B. Proline
C. Alanine
D. Tyrosine

UAA, UAG, UGA

Which of the following are stop codons?
A. AUG only
B. UAA, UAG, UGA
C. UUU, UGC, UGG
D. GCU, GGG, CCG

Translation

Which process converts mRNA into protein?
A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Translation
D. Mutation

Carbohydrates

[BIOMOLECULE]

______- are found in many plants and animals and have important jobs in structure and energy

B. Structure and energy

What are the two main roles of carbohydrates?
A. Hormone signaling and enzyme activity
B. Structure and energy
C. DNA synthesis and protein folding
D. Transport and immunity

photosynthesis

In plants, glucose is made from carbon dioxide and water through ____?

B. Photosynthesis

How do plants produce glucose?
A. Respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Fermentation
D. Transamination

• starch

• cellulose

Plants store the glucose as _____ or they use it to make the _______ for their cell walls.

Starch and cellulose

What two substances can plants make from glucose?
A. Glycogen and hemoglobin
B. Starch and cellulose
C. Keratin and collagen
D. Fatty acids and steroids

C. Starch

What is the main storage form of glucose in plants?
A. Glycogen
B. Cellulose
C. Starch
D. Chitin

C. Cellulose

What is the main structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Cellulose
D. Maltose

C. By eating plants

How do animals obtain most of their carbohydrates?
A. From amino acids
B. From fats
C. By eating plants
D. By photosynthesis

B. Gluconeogenesis

What is the process called when animals make glucose from amino acids?
A. Glycogenolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycolysis
D. Lipogenesis

B. Glucose

What is the most important carbohydrate?
A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Galactose
D. Sucrose

B. They are broken down into glucose

What happens to most carbohydrates we eat?
A. They are stored as cellulose
B. They are broken down into glucose
C. They are excreted unchanged
D. They are converted into amino acids

B. Into the bloodstream

Where does glucose go after being broken down from carbohydrates?
A. Into the stomach lining
B. Into the bloodstream
C. Into the kidneys
D. Into the gallbladder

B. Glucose

What is the main energy source for red blood cells?
A. Lactate
B. Glucose
C. Fatty acids
D. Amino acids

C. Liver

Which organ changes other sugars into glucose?
A. Kidney
B. Pancreas
C. Liver
D. Spleen

C. Most mammals

Glucose is the main fuel for which group?
A. Only plants
B. Only reptiles
C. Most mammals
D. Only insects

C. Glucose

What is the universal energy source for fetuses?
A. Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Glucose
D. Lactose

Glucose

____- is the starting material to make all other carbohydrates in the body

Glycogen

____- is the stored form of Glucose in animals (like animal starch)

• DNA—Deoxyribose

• RNA—Ribose

Sugars in DNA and RNA (genetic material)

Pentose phosphate pathway

Which pathway connects glucose to ribose and deoxyribose production?
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Gluconeogenesis

Lactose

Galactose combines with glucose to form what sugar?
A. Maltose
B. Lactose
C. Sucrose
D. Cellulose

Lactose

___- is aka the “MILK SUGAR”

In fats (glycolipids) and (glycoproteins)

In addition to lactose, where else is galactose found?
A. Only in starch
B. In glycolipids and glycoproteins
C. Only in nucleic acids
D. In fatty acid chains only

• Diabetes mellitus

• Galactosemia

• Glycogen storage diseases

• Lactose intolerance

Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism include: [4]

Galactosemia

What disorder results from a problem in metabolizing galactose?
A. Glycogen storage disease
B. Galactosemia
C. Diabetes
D. Lactose intolerance

glycogen storage disease

[KIND OF DISEASE]

____-is a disorders of glycogen metabolism

Lactase

What enzyme is lacking in lactose intolerance?
A. Amylase
B. Lactase
C. Sucrase
D. Maltase

Lactose cannot be digested

What happens in lactose intolerance?
A. Lactose cannot be digested
B. Glucose cannot enter cells
C. Starch cannot be absorbed
D. Insulin cannot be produced

Glycobiology

_____- is the study of how sugars affect health and disease.

Glycome

_____- is all the sugars in a living thing, whether alone or part of bigger molecules

Glycomics 

_____-  is the study of the glycome, like how genomics studies genes and proteomics studies proteins.

Over 1,000

[SUGARS]

How many different three-sugar chains (trisaccharides) can be made from just three hexoses?
A. About 10
B. About 100
C. Over 1,000
D. Exactly 3

Basic sugars in the body

[SUGARS]

What are hexoses?
A. Fats in the body
B. Basic sugars in the body
C. Proteins in the body
D. Nucleic acids in the body

How the sugars are linked and nearby molecules

[SUGARS]

What changes the shapes of sugar chains?
A. How the sugars are linked and nearby molecules
B. The number of proteins in the cell
C. The type of DNA present
D. The cell’s temperature only

Important biological messages

[SUGARS]

What do sugar chains carry?
A. Water
B. Oxygen
C. Important biological messages
D. Enzymes

The types of sugars, their order, and how they are connected

[SUGARS]

The biological messages of sugar chains depend on:
A. The length of DNA and RNA
B. The types of sugars, their order, and how they are connected
C. The number of proteins nearby
D. The amount of ATP in the cell

Monosaccharides

_____- the single sugar units that cannot be broken down into the simpler sugars.

By the number of carbon atoms they have

How are monosaccharides named?
A. By their color
B. By the number of carbon atoms they have
C. By their taste
D. By the organ that uses them

• Trioses (3 carbons)

• Tetroses (4 carbons)

• Pentoses (5 carbons)

• Hexoses (6 carbons)

• Heptoses (7 carbons)

Monosaccharides are named based on the number of the carbon atoms they have 

Example [5]

As aldoses or ketoses

How are monosaccharides classified by chemical group?
A. By enzymes and hormones
B. As aldoses or ketoses
C. As glucose or galactose
D. As starch or glycogen

Aldehyde group (R–CHO)

Which group is present in aldoses?
A. Ketone group (R–CO–R)
B. Aldehyde group (R–CHO)
C. Hydroxyl group (–OH)
D. Amine group (–NH₂)

Ketone group (R–CO–R)

Which group is present in ketoses?
A. Aldehyde group (R–CHO)
B. Ketone group (R–CO–R)
C. Hydroxyl group (–OH)
D. Amine group (–NH₂)

A. C_nH₂nO_n

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
A. C_nH₂nO_n
B. C_nHnO_n
C. C_nH_₂On₂
D. C_nHO₂_n

B. Glycerose (glyceraldehyde)

Which of the following is an aldose triose?
A. Ribose
B. Glycerose (glyceraldehyde)
C. Fructose
D. Sedoheptulose

B. Dihydroxyacetone

Which of the following is a ketose triose?
A. Glucose
B. Dihydroxyacetone
C. Erythrose
D. Neuraminic acid

A. Erythrose

Which of the following is an aldose tetrose?
A. Erythrose
B. Erythrulose
C. Sedoheptulose
D. Fructose

B. Erythrulose

Which of the following is a ketose tetrose?
A. Ribose
B. Erythrulose
C. Glycerose
D. Neuraminic acid

A. Ribose

Which of the following is an aldose pentose?
A. Ribose
B. Ribulose
C. Glucose
D. Sedoheptulose

B. Ribulose

Which of the following is a ketose pentose?
A. Glucose
B. Ribulose
C. Fructose
D. Erythrose

A. Glucose

Which of the following is an aldose hexose?
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Sedoheptulose
D. Neuraminic acid

B. Fructose

Which of the following is a ketose hexose?
A. Ribose
B. Fructose
C. Erythrose
D. Glycerose

A. Sedoheptulose

Which of the following is a ketose heptose?
A. Sedoheptulose
B. Ribulose
C. Glucose
D. Glycerose

B. Neuraminic acid

Which sugar has 9 carbons and is also called sialic acid?
A. Ribose
B. Neuraminic acid
C. Erythrose
D. Sedoheptulose

Carbohydrates

______- are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.

Sugar alcohols (polyols)

What are polyhydric alcohols also called?

A. Ketones

B. Aldoses

C. Sugar alcohols (polyols)

D. Amino sugars

polyhydric alcohols (sugar alcohols or polyols)

In addition to aldehydes and ketones, the __________, in which the aldehyde (primary alcohols RCOH → RCH2OH) or ketone (secondary alcohols RCOH → R2CHOH) group has been reduced to an alcohol group, also occur naturally in foods

R–CHO → R–CH₂OH

How are polyhydric alcohols formed from aldehydes?
A. R–CHO → R–CH₂OH
B. R–CHO → R–COOH
C. R–CHO → R–O–R
D. R–CHO → R–NH₂

R–CO–R → R₂CHOH

How are polyhydric alcohols formed from ketones?
A. R–CO–R → R₂CHOH
B. R–CO–R → R–CH₂OH
C. R–CO–R → R–COOH
D. R–CO–R → R–O–R