AP BIO unit 8

Population

Population

Group of individuals of same species in same area at same time

Abiotic factors

Sunlight & temperature, Precipitation & water, Soil & nutrients

Biotic factors

Other living organisms (Prey, Competitors, Parasites, Bateria)

Spacing in populations

Clumped, uniform, random

Population Density

Can change from births, death, immigration, emigration

K-selected (type 1 curve)

Late reproduction, Few offspring

r-selected (type 3 curve)

Early reproduction, Many offspring

Exponential growth

Rapid growth, No constraints

Logistic growth

Limited growth, Environmental constraints

Density-dependent Limiting Factor

Competition, Predators, parasites (biotic)

Density-independent Limiting Factor

Sunlight, Temperature, Weather (abiotic)

Community

All the organisms that live together in a place

Niche

organisms ecological role

Competitive Exclusion

No two similar species can occupy the same niche at the same time

Competition

(- , -)

Predation

(- , +)

Parasitism

(- , +)

Mutualism

(+ , +)

Commensalism

(+ , 0)

Aposematic Coloring

Apo = away, Sematic = sign or meaning

Batesian mimicry

harmless species mimics harmful model

Mullerian mimicry

poison species have same coloration

Species richness

count of how many different species in a community

Relative abundance

percent each species makes up

Greater biodiversity offers

More food resources, More habitats, More resilience

Keystone Species

Influential ecological role, increases diversity in habitat

Energetic Hypothesis

food chain length is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer

Solar energy passed to producers

about 1%

How much energy passed to next trophic level

10%

Ecological succession

sequence of community changes

Primary succession

Begins in an area without soil, then bacteria makes soil and vegetation follows

Secondary succession

Existing community is cleared, but base soil is still intact

Climax Community

plant community dominated by trees

Type 1 survivorship curve

High death rate in post-reproductive years

Type 2 survivorship curve

Constant mortality rate throughout life span

Type 3 survivorship curve

Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long